Acetone in the blood: why it appears, signs and forms of increase, diagnosis, therapy

How to detect and how to treat acetonemia?

Diagnosis of elevated acetone in the blood is possible both at home and through laboratory tests of blood and urine. At home, the object for study can be the urine of an adult or a child who is likely to have ketosis. A pharmacy test strip dipped in urine will show whether ketone bodies are higher than normal, and if they are elevated in the urine, then most likely in the blood too.

The test strip is equipped with a special indicator of the concentration of ketone bodies in the test liquid. Urine for analysis should be obtained no earlier than 4 hours before. The test strip is placed in a container with urine for a few seconds, and after a couple of minutes you can evaluate the result by comparing the color of the strip with the indicator scale:

• negative - there is no acetone in the urine;
• mild ketosis (+) - acetone content is no more than one and a half mmol per liter;
• moderate ketoacidosis (++);
• severe acetonuria (+++), requiring hospitalization of the patient.

Laboratory diagnosis of acetonemia includes a biochemical blood test and urine testing to determine ketone bodies and other indicators of impaired metabolism (glucose, uric acid, liver enzymes, etc.). Be sure to set your sugar level to rule out diabetes.

In case of diabetic acetonemia, the patient must be hospitalized. The clinic corrects sugar levels by administering insulin, prescribes fluid infusions to replenish water losses, and restores mineral metabolism. Adults with mild forms of ketoacidosis remain in the hospital for a day, after which, when metabolic rates normalize, they can go home.

Parents of children who have already encountered the problem of acetonemia most often know what to do if their child’s well-being worsens. In the event of a crisis, you should definitely contact specialists.

First aid for a patient with ketosis is to replace the fluid that the body is losing, and the drink for rehydration should be alkaline . It is recommended to consume up to one and a half liters of liquid per day in small portions every 10-15 minutes (at the rate of 120 ml per kg of child’s body weight). At home you can prepare sweet tea with lemon, drink mineral water with sodium bicarbonate, the pharmacy sells special solutions - rehydron, Humana.

When nausea and vomiting occur, it is advisable to give enterosorbents that alleviate dyspepsia and partially bind ketone bodies - smecta, activated carbon, enterosgel. Glucose is given to provide the body with energy.

If the patient’s condition worsens, symptoms of an acetonemic crisis appear, or there is no positive result from first aid, an ambulance team should be called, which will arrange intravenous administration of fluid and glucose and take the patient to the hospital.

In the clinic, infusion therapy continues, medications against nausea and vomiting (Motilium, Cerucal), an enema with sodium bicarbonate, and intravenous infusions for rehydration are prescribed. A mandatory rule in the treatment of acetonemia is following a diet:

1. While ketone bodies are detected in the blood, you can only drink water; as your appetite is restored, add dairy-free porridge and crackers;
2. After the absence of acetone for at least a day, the diet expands - boiled potatoes, lean meat, fermented milk products, no earlier than a week later you can give milk diluted with water;
3. Sweet tea, honey to meet the need for glucose;
4. Fresh vegetables and fruits are excluded for several days; bananas can be given with caution.

To restore the functioning of the liver and pancreas, enzymes are used with food - Creon, pancreatin.

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Prevention of increased acetone in the blood consists of following the principles of a healthy lifestyle: adequate physical activity, proper regular nutrition balanced in protein, carbohydrates, vegetables and fruits, maximum avoidance of stress and fatigue, sufficient exposure to fresh air.

The basis for the prevention and treatment of elevated acetone in the blood in children is a review of the child’s lifestyle and diet, which must include:

• regular and long walks;
• sports, physical exercise (but not to the point of overwork (!));
• water activities, starting with baths and ending with all kinds of tonic showers, dousing;
• sufficient duration of night sleep (at least 8 hours), in preschool age - a quiet hour during the day;
• meals are fractional, without excess fats and calories, since even a single overfeeding with fatty foods can lead to ketoacidosis.

A child prone to acetonemia should be protected from excessive exposure to the open sun and, if possible, completely avoid being in front of the TV or in front of a computer. Excluded from the diet are fatty meats, liver, thick broths, fish roe, fatty fish, canned and smoked foods, buns, cakes, lemonades, and chocolate.

Since a growing body needs adequate nutrition, the diet requires the presence of vegetable oil, dairy products, eggs, cereal porridge, chicken fillet, rabbit meat, fruits and berries. Your child can be given tea with lemon and grapefruit, which have an alkalizing effect.

Children with elevated acetone in the blood are observed by a pediatrician at their place of residence and receive preventive therapy with vitamin complexes and hepatoprotectors every six months. For increased nervousness, the use of sedatives (valerian, herbal teas), massage, and water treatments is indicated.

The prognosis for acetone syndrome in children is usually favorable: by adolescence, the crises stop, but it must be remembered that these children have a higher risk of developing metabolic disorders such as gout, cholelithiasis, and diabetes mellitus in the future. Ketoacidosis in adults, especially against the background of diabetes mellitus, indicates serious metabolic disorders that require adjustment of therapy and more careful monitoring of blood sugar levels.

Diagnosis of acetonemia

When diagnosing, the size of the liver is determined. Analyzes show a disorder of protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and increased acidity. But the main way to diagnose the presence of acetone in the urine and blood of children with diabetes is to examine urine.

Note! To confirm the diagnosis yourself, indicating that the acetone norm has been exceeded, special test strips are used.

In the process of being lowered into urine, the test becomes pink, and with severe ketonuria, the strip acquires a purple tint.

Chemical properties

Among all representatives of the group of saturated ketones, acetone has the greatest ability to react. Dimethyl ketone, with the chemical formula C3H6O, is found in industrial solvents, but evaporates faster and more easily than such products.

During thermal decomposition, which occurs at temperatures exceeding 700°, acetone is converted into colorless gases in the form of methane and ketene.

(CHЗ) 2 CO → CH2 =С=O+CH4

When interacting with hydrogen cyanide, dimethyl ketone forms acetone cyanohydride, an acid-degradable product that is used as a raw material for acrylic, as well as in the production of:

• medical supplies;
• insecticides;
• perfumes.

In an alkaline environment, acetone enters into a chemical reaction of aldol self-condensation, which produces a solvent with the properties of an alcohol and a ketone. To add shine and form a protective film, propan-2-one is added to paints and varnishes that are produced on the basis of cellulose ether.

Acetone forms crystalline substances that dissolve in acids and metal alkalis and decompose into aldehydes and ketones.

(CH3) 2 CO +NAHSO3→ (CH3)2 C (OH) SO3Na

Under the influence of chlorine, dimethyl ketone, in which hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogens, is converted to trichloromethane. In an alkaline environment, iodine converts acetone into yellow crystalline triiodomethane powder, which is used to disinfect purulent wounds, disinfect erosions, and ulcers.

Acetone in the urine of pregnant women

In addition to the general factors that cause increased acetone levels, there are special reasons that lead to this phenomenon during pregnancy.

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One of these reasons can be called early toxicosis, which manifests itself in the first trimester of pregnancy. As a result of frequent vomiting, food cannot be properly digested, appetite becomes much worse, which leads to dehydration of the body - this leads to the fact that the level of acetone in the urine of a pregnant woman becomes increased. The main symptoms of this disease will help determine this - the specific smell of urine, feces and vomit, which have the smell of acetone or acid. Also, the expectant mother has bad breath, since this smell also resembles acetone.

Another common cause of acetonuria is gestational diabetes, which is dangerous for the health of children. It often leads to rapid weight gain in the fetus, which threatens the development of serious pathologies. Therefore, if a urine test during pregnancy shows an elevated level, a repeat test is first performed to rule out a medical error, and then an in vitro blood test is prescribed to determine blood sugar, allowing a correct diagnosis to be made.

Since acetone in the urine of pregnant women is a sign of pathology, there is no special treatment to reduce the risk of its occurrence. This means that the main treatment should be aimed at ridding the expectant mother of the underlying disease. If the main cause of acetone is toxicosis in the first trimester of pregnancy, it is important to maintain the correct drinking balance. In case of severe toxicosis, a woman should drink a lot of water, but this should be done in small portions - this will prevent further vomiting during pregnancy.

In a hospital setting, the expectant mother is prescribed an intravenous infusion of an infusion solution, and after the condition improves, a high-carbohydrate diet is prescribed. If the main symptoms of the disease are caused by gestational diabetes, a special diet is prescribed to treat it, excluding most foods with sugar and carbohydrates. If necessary, insulin administration and adherence to minimal exercise are prescribed.

Cleaning Features

Technical acetone contains water and other components, and in accordance with GOST, a product with impurities of up to 0.1% is suitable for sale. To determine the presence of reducing agents, liquid potassium permanganate is dripped into 10 mm of dimethyl ketone. If after a quarter of an hour the mixture becomes lighter, this indicates that there are more additives than normal.

Potassium carbonate is used to dry technical acetone. The solution is heated well for several hours, cooled and again passed over fresh potash.

To obtain highly purified dimethyl ketone at 25 or 30°C, it is saturated with sodium iodide powder. The mixture is drained and cooled to 10 degrees to remove crystals, and passed through a filter. The salt is placed in a flask and heated. Acetone is sent to a distillation tank, where it is purified from the remaining distillate.

Detection of acetone in urine

Diagnostics of acetone in the body

In recent years, the procedure for detecting acetone in urine has been significantly simplified. If the patient has the slightest suspicion of acetonuria, then he simply needs to purchase special tests in the form of strips from the pharmacy:

• This procedure must be carried out for three days in a row on morning urine.
• The container with the liquid must be carefully lowered into the test strip, remove it and wait just a few minutes.
• The yellow stripe turning pink indicates that acetone is present in the body.
• If the test strip turns purple, this is an indication that acetonuria is progressing in the patient’s body.

Of course, the test is unable to show exact numbers, however, it shows the level of acetone that requires immediate contact with a specialist.

In order to determine the level of acetone in the human body, the doctor prescribes a clinical urine test.

Typically, urine collection is carried out in the morning after all hygiene procedures have been completed. In a healthy person, ketone bodies are present in human urine in such minute quantities that laboratory methods are not even able to detect them. It is for this reason that the normal result is the complete absence of acetone in human urine.

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In case of a weakly positive reaction to acetone, one plus is placed on the results form, and in case of a positive result, the laboratory assistant indicates two or three pluses. In case of a sharply positive reaction, which is marked by four pluses, immediate hospitalization of the patient and provision of medical care is required.

History of discovery

A carbon compound from the ketone group was obtained at the end of the 16th century by heating zinc acetate without access to oxygen by the German chemist Andreas Liebaville. They described the properties, determined the nature of the substance, and assigned acetone the systematic name propan-2-one in 1832, scientists Justus von Liebig and Dumas Jean- Batiste. The official term Aceton was introduced by the German professor Leopold Gmelin 16 years later.

For a long period, acetone was obtained by dry distillation of wood, and new methods for the production of dimethyl ketone began to be used during World War I, when the need for tear gases sharply increased.

Normalization methods

Acetone, which appears in diabetes, can be removed by saturating the human body with the correct glucose. To do this, just eat something sweet.

It is possible to remove acetone from the body by drinking a significant amount of liquid. However, it is difficult to do this on your own due to the repeated vomiting that accompanies the condition.

Sweetened tea, fruit juice or compote will help rid the body of acetone without causing vomiting. This drink should be given a teaspoon every few minutes.

Fruit juice will help rid the body of acetone without causing vomiting

It is also possible to get rid of acetone with the help of a proper diet, which will be based on the consumption of light carbohydrates: semolina or oatmeal, mashed potatoes, vegetable broth, etc.

Diet requirements:

• Meat can only be dietary: rabbit, turkey, veal. It is recommended to stew, boil, bake;
• fish should be lean (for example, hake, pollock);
• vegetables and fruits will help restore water balance. Quince is useful for acetonuria; compote or jam is made from it. The consumption of citrus fruits and bananas is not recommended.

Products that help normalize the condition - gallery

Fruits Vegetables Pollock cooked in the oven Rabbit meat Boiled turkey
To remove ketone particles in diabetes, cleansing enemas are given. In especially severe cases, acetone can only be eliminated during hospitalization.

It is possible to prescribe medications that prevent dehydration. For this purpose, a solution called Regidron or its analogues, which can normalize water-salt metabolism, is suitable. Additionally, a glucose solution with a concentration of 5% can be used. Enterosorbents are also shown, including Smecta, Enterosgel, Filtrum, etc.

Application

The characteristics of dimethyl ketone and its affordable price make it possible to use the caustic agent in many areas of human activity.

In laboratory conditions

Acetone, which has low toxicity and dissolves well in water, is used to wash chemical dishes. Test tubes, flasks, and other containers are dried using dimethyl ketones. In the oxidation of alcohols in the process of introducing an alkyl substituent into the molecule, acetone plays the main role.

Dimethyl ketone is combined with liquid ammonia, dry ice and at 78° to create cooling baths.

In industry

The production of nitro paints and enamels cannot do without technical acetone, which is supplied to enterprises in tanks, bottles and barrels. The varnish, into which quickly evaporating propanone is poured, dries instantly, forms an elastic film and is supplied to shoe factories, aircraft manufacturing, and automobile corporations.

So far we have not been able to find anything to replace acetone in production:

• perfumery;
• medicines;
• textile products;
• films.

In the food industry, dimethyl ketone is used to create additives that improve the taste of baked goods and sweets, to isolate extracts, and to produce a number of fats. Acetone takes part in the synthesis of aromatic compounds added to eau de toilette, cologne, and perfume, and therefore is ordered by companies that produce perfumes.

To process nitrocellulose, from which viscose is made, to disinfect wool and fur, textile and clothing factories order acetone. Volatile propanone is included in the means used to dye fabrics, apply patterns, and print designs.

As an auxiliary component, acetone is present in painkillers; it is used by pharmaceutical companies to extract many extracts and basic extracts from plant materials, for the production of films that are applied to sutures and wounds.

Buy technical acetone from companies that produce:

• rubber;
• fiberglass;
• household goods.

A number of other industrial sectors cannot do without dimethyl ketone - in electronics, in the production of gunpowder, ink. They buy not just one liter of acetone, but tons from the enterprise where they make cigarettes.

At home

The product, which is cheaper than stain removers, removes traces of paint on bedspreads, carpets, clothes without affecting the structure, and cleans hardened silicone, dried glue, and wax. Instead of an expensive solvent, metal surfaces are degreased with acetone, ceramics are degreased before applying varnish, concrete and wood are treated before painting. To remove scuffs on tiles and laminate flooring, moisten a paper towel with the product and wipe gently. To get rid of coffee or tea stains, pour 2 teaspoons of solvent into a cup and clean the marks with a sponge.

Car owners add propanone to the gas tank, which helps improve engine performance. Use acetone to wipe away carbon deposits deposited on the spark plugs and on the surface of the injectors, and remove condensation. Since this product contains a high concentration of oxygen, fuel combustion improves and gasoline consumption is reduced.