The period of changing teeth in a baby: diagram, approximate timing of the process of tooth loss in babies, advice from a doctor on caring for the oral cavity.

The replacement of baby teeth with permanent ones is a natural physiological process that every child experiences. It usually begins in preschool age and proceeds without difficulty. But parents need to approach it responsibly, since any violations when changing teeth are fraught with unpleasant consequences. This may be the formation of a malocclusion, uneven teeth, or the occurrence of a diastema (interdental gap).

In this article we will consider the correct sequence of tooth replacement, possible violations, and situations when consultation with a pediatric dentist is necessary.

Why and when do baby teeth change?

As the child grows, the dentofacial apparatus also develops. At approximately 4–6 years of age, the preparatory stage begins, during which interdental spaces appear. This prepares the place for permanent teeth in the primary dentition.

The process of replacing baby teeth with permanent teeth is a slow process, taking approximately 6 or 7 years (until adolescence). Active growth of the roots of permanent teeth activates the process of bone resorption - this is the destruction (dissolution) of milk roots, which leads to loosening and tooth loss. Standard diagram of the sequence of changing baby teeth in a child.

1. Central lower incisors (5–7 years). They fall out one by one with a short time interval.
2. Lateral incisors (7–8 years).
3. First molars on the upper jaw, second molars on the lower jaw (9–11 years)
4. Cone-shaped teeth (canines) at the age of 9–12 years.
5. Second molars on the upper jaw and first molars on the lower jaw (10–13 years)

Not everyone's third molars (wisdom teeth) erupt. This is considered the norm. Most often, the optimal age for them is considered to be from 17 to 25 years.

Reference!

The later the first teeth erupted in infancy, the later they will be replaced in preschool age.

By the age of 15–16, a teenager’s permanent bite should number 28 units.

Anatomical differences between primary and permanent teeth

As we said above, temporary teeth differ from permanent teeth in a smaller number, as well as in significantly smaller sizes (they are 2 times smaller than permanent teeth).
At the same time, the shape of the crowns of primary teeth is always more spherical, and in the area of ​​the neck of the primary tooth there will always be a noticeably more pronounced narrowing. In addition, temporary teeth are whiter than permanent teeth and often have a bluish tint. Differences between temporary and permanent teeth (description below) –

Anatomical differences:

• Tooth enamel – the enamel of temporary teeth is much less mineralized (saturated with minerals, primarily calcium and phosphates). Therefore, with insufficient oral hygiene, children develop caries almost instantly. In addition, the thickness of the enamel of temporary teeth is approximately 2 times less than that of permanent teeth - this circumstance leads to a very rapid transition of caries to pulpitis. There are also many microcracks and pores on the surface of the enamel of temporary teeth.
• Dentin of the tooth - the dentin layer is located under the layer of tooth enamel, and its thickness is also 2 times less (than that of permanent teeth). The dentin of temporary teeth is lighter, it is less mineralized, softer, and therefore it is much easier to prepare with a drill than the dentin of permanent teeth. Due to the fact that dentin is less mineralized and softer, the carious process in dentin spreads deeper faster, which leads to the rapid development of pulpitis in baby teeth.
• Pulp (neurovascular bundle) - some parents ask: “Are there nerves in baby teeth?” Of course, they exist, but due to the thinner layers of enamel and dentin, the pulp in baby teeth is located much closer to the surface of the tooth. The pulp chamber (tooth cavity), in which the pulp is located, is always larger in primary teeth, and therefore the pulp occupies a relatively large volume in the tooth. And besides, in baby teeth the “pulp horns” (processes) are more pronounced, which creates an additional danger of injury to the pulp during the treatment of caries.
• Roots of teeth – some parents ask: “Do baby teeth have roots?” Of course, they have roots, but they are thinner and widely spaced (at the same time, the root canals and apical openings in baby teeth are wider than in permanent teeth). But the development and growth of the rudiments of permanent teeth leads to the formation of constant pressure on the roots of primary teeth, which leads to their gradual resorption and loss. We hope that our article: Scheme of loss of baby teeth in children was useful to you!

Sources:

1. Dental education of the author of the article, 2. Based on personal experience as a dentist, 3. The European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (EU), 4. National Library of Medicine (USA), 5. “Pediatric therapeutic dentistry. National leadership" (Leontyev).

What deviations from the norm may there be?

Each child develops individually. Sometimes the timing of the replacement of certain teeth may differ from the generally accepted norm. Minor deviations are allowed up to 12 months. But sometimes the change in the primary bite begins too early or, on the contrary, the temporary teeth do not want to fall out.

Causes:

• long-term breastfeeding;
• severe infectious diseases in infancy;
• pathologies of intrauterine development.

Reference!

Dentists believe that a safer deviation is a late change in the primary occlusion than vice versa.

Let us consider in detail the common violations and their causes.

Early tooth loss

We can talk about such a pathology if a child’s baby teeth begin to fall out before the age of 5. Possible reasons:

• advanced multiple caries;
• injury;
• gum disease;
• manual loosening of the tooth.

In all these cases, consultation with a pediatric dentist is required.

Important!

Parents should record the time of tooth loss. If after 4 months the permanent tooth does not begin to emerge, then the help of a doctor is required.

In case of early unnatural tooth loss, it is advisable to conduct an X-ray diagnosis. This will help to identify possible damage to the permanent root rudiment in time and begin treatment. Otherwise, the child will need prosthetics in the future.

Late change from primary to permanent occlusion

The deadline for starting the process of changing baby teeth is 8 years. But this is considered a late shift. The disorder may be caused by:

• heredity;
• metabolic disorders;
• infectious diseases suffered in early childhood;
• mental disorders.

If after 8 years a child has not lost a single baby tooth, this is a reason to consult a doctor.

At what age do radical units appear?

We can talk about adult occlusion only a few years after the start of the change in time units. Typically, a stronger replacement will erupt several weeks or months (or, if pulled out prematurely, years) after the baby teeth fall out.

Central incisors grow from 6 to 8 years of age, lateral incisors from 7 to 9, premolars and canines from 9 to 12. Molars begin to grow at approximately six years of age. They immediately grow permanently, replacing the empty space.

Reasons for late eruption

Normally, after a baby tooth falls out, it takes 1-2 months for the permanent tooth to erupt. This is the longest period. In most cases, the rudiments of a permanent tooth can already be seen at the site of the lost tooth.

But, if a child’s toothless smile persists for 3 months or more, then this is a cause for concern for parents.

Let's consider why such dental pathology occurs:

1. Retention

   – a common condition that mainly affects the incisors and canines. They cannot erupt due to dense gums or because they rest against neighboring teeth. There are complete and partial retention. With the full form, a healthy root is visible in the picture, but it is completely under the gum. With partial retention, only part of the crown is visible. In this case, surgical assistance is required.

2. Edentia

   – a congenital pathology in which there is a lack of rudiments of permanent dental units. Can be complete or partial (sparse teeth). A rare disease. Orthopedic treatment is required as early as possible.

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3. Impact

   – delayed eruption in this pathology is associated with a mechanical obstacle, that is, the child has a supernumerary of dental units. In this case, the permanent root simply does not have room to erupt. Impaction can only be detected using a panoramic x-ray of the jaw.

The sooner the child is examined by a doctor, the higher the chance of having an even and complete dentition.

Symptoms that indicate that the process has begun:

1. Some children experience an increase in temperature (up to 38). In this case, you should not hesitate; it is better to seek advice from your doctor.
2. Unpleasant sensations in the gums.
3. The space between the teeth increases.
4. The roots begin to dissolve (The roots of baby teeth are much shorter than those of permanent teeth. When the process reaches the neck, a tooth change occurs).
5. Gums are bleeding.

Possible problems when changing baby teeth

Common dental pathologies when changing a primary dentition to a permanent one include:

1. Shark teeth. A phenomenon in which baby and permanent teeth are located parallel to each other, in 2 rows. This arrangement can interfere with the normal development of the dental system. But in most cases, the temporary root becomes loose, and the “extra” tooth falls out on its own. If this does not happen, removal at the doctor's office is recommended.
2. Increased pain. Sometimes a change in the milk bite is accompanied by increased body temperature, redness of the gums and severe pain. These symptoms usually accompany early or late change of teeth. Inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity may also be the cause.
3. The appearance of a hematoma.

In rare cases, when molars erupt, a hematoma occurs on the gum in the form of a small bubble with an accumulation of blood. This occurs due to severe eruption, which leads to rupture of blood vessels. The gums may be pale in color. Pain and discomfort occurs. If suppuration occurs, medical attention is required.

If pathological phenomena do not go away for a long time, and the child is irritable and complains of pain, be sure to visit the dentist.

Why do temporary teeth fall out?

The process of changing elements of the dentition does not happen just like that. The appearance of the first teeth occurs between the ages of 6 and 9 months, when children begin to eat not only mother's milk, but also denser foods. At the same time, the dimensions of the maxillofacial apparatus are small, and therefore the dimensions of the first teeth are quite compact. Over the years, primary teeth are no longer able to perform chewing functions properly, and the jaw enlarges. As a result, it is able to accommodate all molars.

What not to do when baby teeth fall out

Incorrect actions of children and parents can lead to the formation of malocclusion, increased pain, or the formation of crooked teeth. To avoid this, it is recommended to adhere to the following rules:

1. Don't help baby teeth fall out if they are straight and not loose. Even if, according to the child’s age, it is high time for him to have a toothless smile.
2. Don't loosen your teeth with your hands. And do not pull them at home, for example, with a thread.
3. Baby teeth are quite fragile in preschool age. Therefore, your child should not indulge in solid foods. The crown may break, but the root will remain in the gum.
4. If a tooth falls out, do not allow your child to touch the socket with his tongue or hands. Gentle rinsing with antiseptic solutions or herbal decoctions is recommended.

If you have a fever, cough or lethargy, do not rush to resort to antiviral drugs. Poor health can be a harbinger of the imminent change of baby teeth.

Why is it necessary to replace baby teeth with permanent ones?

The chewing apparatus is improving and developing. In infancy, it is adapted exclusively for the intake of liquid food - breast milk. But closer to six months, you can already see baby teeth in children’s mouths. They allow the baby to get acquainted with the variety of solid adult foods.

There are few temporary teeth - ten pieces in each jaw. This is quite enough for the baby to eat well and talk normally. Closer to primary school age, the jaw grows. She is ready to cope with more serious chewing loads. Then children's incisors, canines and molars begin to wobble. They are replaced by a constant shift.

Tips for parents

During the period of teeth change, you should enrich your baby’s food with foods that are rich in calcium. To prevent inflammation in your mouth, make it a habit to rinse your mouth every time you eat or have a snack. As permanent teeth erupt, offer your baby soft or liquid foods. Avoid hot drinks.

If slight bleeding occurs when a baby tooth falls out, do not use alcohol tinctures. Apply a cotton ball to the wound and do not allow food for 2 hours. In order to promptly identify possible irregularities in the eruption of the permanent dentition, it is recommended to record the date of baby tooth loss.

Beautiful, straight and healthy teeth in adults are the result of proper care in childhood. Therefore, parents should teach their child proper oral hygiene from the first tooth.

Daily doctor's advice on caring for baby teeth:

1. Start brushing your baby's teeth only after they have erupted; use a special brush for babies.
2. When your child turns one year old, buy a brush with soft bristles and toothpaste without fluoride; it will not harm the child if he swallows it.
3. Brush your baby's teeth 2 times a day (morning and evening)
4. Don't put off going to the dentist. They should be regular, even if there are no signs of concern.
5. Include more fresh greens, fruits and vegetables in your diet.

How to determine that a child will soon have molars?

An increase in jaw size is the main sign of a future change of teeth. Visually this may not be noticeable. But the appearance of three and diastema (gaps) between the baby teeth indicates that the child’s jaw is growing and preparing for the formation of a permanent bite.

The following signs are purely individual - they may or may not be present in the child.

• Increased salivation.
• Redness, swelling of the gums and oral mucosa.
• Sore gums.
• Unpleasant itching of the gums.
• Increased body temperature.
• Unreasonable cough, runny nose.
• Stool disorder.
• General malaise, lethargy.
• Loss of appetite.
• Sleep disturbance or, on the contrary, drowsiness.
• Anxiety, irritation, whims.

Important! During the period of permanent teeth erupting, parents should monitor the condition of the child, the oral cavity and gums. If symptoms that cause concern appear, you should immediately consult a doctor - a pediatrician or pediatric dentist.

Timing of permanent teeth eruption

Permanent teeth in children erupt in the same order as baby teeth:

• central incisors above and below: permanent teeth appear in first-graders - at 6-7 years from below and at 7-8 years from above;
• the lateral incisors on both jaws change to permanent ones at 7-9 years of age;
• permanent first premolars appear by 6-11 years, and second ones should be expected no earlier than 10-12 years;
• at the age of nine to twelve, the upper and lower canines appear;
• The appearance of molars usually begins at the age of six and ends at the age of 21, when the third molars erupt.

Please note: the information above is approximate, and if your baby's teeth are not appearing on schedule, there is no reason to worry. In some children, permanent dentition forms earlier, in others - later. In any case, by the time they reach adulthood, most teenagers can already boast a full set of permanent teeth, and all that remains is to wait for the “eights” - wisdom teeth. However, more and more often, recently, wisdom teeth do not appear at all, as they are rudimentary and practically do not participate in the chewing process.

Premature loss

This refers to the loss of baby teeth when the child has not yet reached the age of 6. Causes may include caries, special loosening and mechanical damage. If a tooth falls out long before the molar begins to grow, a space will appear in the oral cavity that will later be occupied by the remaining teeth. Eventually, permanent teeth will begin to erupt unevenly due to lack of space.

If you experience early tooth loss, you should contact an orthodontist. Often today, in such situations, prosthetic technologies are used, the main task of which is to prevent the displacement of other elements of the dentition. This solution helps prevent the development of malocclusion and the appearance of various visual defects.

How molars grow

• First, teeth 1 through 6 erupt and the central incisors are replaced.
• Then the processes slow down as the body needs rest.
• The formation and intensive growth of molars and premolars begins.

Ideally, the appearance of permanent teeth occurs in the following sequence:

1. sixth teeth;
2. permanent central primary incisors;
3. molar lateral incisors;
4. fangs;
5. “fives” instead of second premolars;
6. “sevens” (11-13 years old);
7. "eight" - after 16 years.

The central incisors erupt the fastest. The canines are somewhat slower, and the molars take the longest to grow. This process takes many years and requires close attention from parents, dentist and orthodontist.

What to do if a tooth does not fall out in time

According to statistics, in 20-30% of cases, children experience a “shark smile” when the permanent tooth has already erupted and is growing, but the milk tooth has not yet fallen out. Clinical studies have proven that in such a situation, parents should not hesitate to go to pediatric dentistry. The doctor will carefully examine your child's mouth and remove the temporary tooth. If you do not contact the dentist in a timely manner, double dentition can lead to improper formation of the bite, impaired diction and the functioning of the digestive system. In addition, with a “shark smile” it is difficult for a baby to bite and chew food, particles of which remain between the teeth and under the gum. As a result, inflammatory processes and caries occur. All this can be avoided by making an appointment with a specialist.

Replacement too late

In some cases, the molars are already erupting, although the milk teeth are not yet loose. Often this also leads to the appearance of certain defects. The solution to the problem is to visit a specialist to remove a baby tooth.

It also happens that molars do not appear in the standard time frame. In this case, temporary teeth may be present or fall out. Reasons for this phenomenon:

• Physiological factor. The development of tooth germs occurs properly, but their growth is too slow for certain reasons.
• Retention of molars. The tooth germs are formed in a timely manner, but the location of the permanent tooth inside the jaw bone tissue is incorrect.
• Partial primary adentia. During the development of the child inside the mother's womb, the proper laying of the rudiments did not take place or their death occurred due to inflammation.

To detect such defects and determine the exact reasons for untimely replacement of baby teeth, a specialist uses x-ray examination, which allows us to determine the characteristics of the formation of tooth germs. If developmental defects are detected, children are prescribed temporary prosthetics for the period of active jaw growth. After reaching a certain age, permanent dentures are installed.

Early tooth loss

The time of tooth loss depends on the individual characteristics of the child’s body. However, premature tooth loss can be dangerous. The thing is that if a baby tooth is missing for a long time, then the neighboring teeth move, and there is simply no room left for the permanent one, which begins to grow in due course. This situation can cause a violation of the correct bite, distort the dentition and require long-term treatment by an orthodontist.

What causes premature tooth loss in children:

• various injuries;
• periodontal diseases;
• caries;
• infectious diseases suffered by a child in preschool age.

If a baby tooth has fallen out, and its permanent replacement is not expected soon, consult a dentist. In modern dentistry, there are special designs - plates that do not allow neighboring teeth to move and preserve space for a permanent tooth. Such systems do not injure tooth enamel, do not involve grinding of teeth and do not interfere with the baby while talking and eating.

What to do when teething?

The first teeth erupting will cause discomfort in the child, and this is a natural process. During this period, salivation increases, and a runny nose may occur due to the eruption of the upper teeth. The normal pace is for new teeth to appear every few weeks.

Be prepared for the fact that the child will be capricious and refuse to eat, and his temperature may rise. To make this period easier, you can use special teething toys. During this period, the gums become inflamed and cause discomfort - they can itch and hurt. Talk to your dentist: There are safe cooling gels for children that can help reduce the intensity of teething and teething symptoms in children.

It is also recommended to replace drinks with plain water. Juices and other drinks that contain sugar create an acidic environment in the mouth. Because of this, an inflammatory process may begin. Care should be taken to disinfect pacifiers and toys that children may put in their mouths.

The first teeth appear at the age of six months. The first chewing teeth appear between the ages of 1 and 1.5 years. Fangs are cut between the ages of 2 and 2. After this, by the age of 3, the following chewing teeth appear. Each new group requires attention. Thus, it is important to brush your chewing teeth well after eating, since the enamel of baby teeth is quite weak. Retention of food on the surface can easily cause inflammation.

It is also important to ensure that the child weans the habit of the pacifier and stops putting his fingers in his mouth. If this does not happen, an incorrect bite will be formed.

What should parents do?

Losing primary teeth is a completely natural process and most often it is not accompanied by pain or complications. Nevertheless, in order to be sure of the baby’s health, you should follow a few simple rules:

• The teeth should fall out on their own. Do not pull out a tooth that has begun to loosen - you may accidentally damage a root that has not yet completely resolved and it will remain in the gum. You can help a tooth only if it really “hangs by one thread.” It’s even better if the tooth is removed by a pediatric dentist;
• After a tooth falls out, the wound may bleed. Give your baby a sterile gauze swab and ask him to bite down firmly - the bleeding will stop in a few minutes. Try not to feed your child for a couple of hours after losing a tooth. For the same period, you should give up hot, sour and salty foods;
• When changing teeth, it is very important to visit the dentist once every six months for preventive examinations. Your doctor will assess the general condition of your teeth and give recommendations on how to care for your baby and permanent teeth;
• Even though baby teeth are temporary, their condition must be treated very carefully. The health of temporary teeth directly affects the health of permanent teeth.

With each new permanent tooth, your child becomes more mature. Attentive attention to oral hygiene and regular dental checkups can give your child one of the main decorations: a healthy and beautiful smile.