Means used to saturate the tooth surface with mineral components

A method such as tooth remineralization therapy allows you to strengthen the tooth and maintain its healthy appearance. Preparations for tooth remineralization contain fluorides, phosphates and calcium (calcium gluconate solution, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium phosphate containing gels).

This method of preventive treatment, such as remineralization, has its advantages and is important because it is this method that allows you to prevent the occurrence and development of a pathological process in the tooth. The demineralization process entails many consequences - impaired sensitivity of tooth enamel, cracks and damage, and the development of a pathological process such as caries.

What kind of caries is this and why does it occur?

The front teeth include the incisors (denies incisivi) and canines (dentes canini), the purpose of which is to bite off individual pieces of food. The main difference from the lateral teeth (premolars (dentes praemolares) and molars (dentes molares)) is the absence of a tuberous chewing surface for grinding. Therefore, caries forms on the crown in the form of a chisel (incisors) or slopes (fangs), in the interdental space, at the junction of the visible part of the tooth and the gum (cervical caries of the front teeth). The tooth is gradually destroyed, “pockets” form at the “neck” - caries spreads deeper, destroying the root.

Modern dentistry is based on the theory of W. D. Miller (1883), who, while conducting experiments, noticed that if an extracted tooth was placed in a fermenting mixture of bread and saliva, something similar to caries appeared on it. At the same time, the density and structure of dental tissue provide protection of teeth from destruction.

Caries is, first of all, problems in the neurohumoral regulation of the body. Normally, the hypothalamus, with the help of the pituitary gland, controls the parotid salivary glands, which secrete parotin. With the help of this substance (in medicine “hormone”), calcium metabolism in the blood-bone tissue-organs system is controlled and stimulates the movement of dental lymph through microscopic tubules inside the teeth. This cleanses and strengthens the dental tissue. Therefore, the main cause of caries is a delay in the production of dental lymph and subsequent demineralization of the tooth. Then the weak tooth in the aggressive environment of the oral cavity is destroyed from the outside.

Caries on front teeth

The dental lymph contains monoblasts, with the help of which the enamel and dentin are nourished. In order for the tooth to be cleaned from the inside, the microscopic structures of monoblasts work like a pump. The nutritious fluid released from the blood is pumped through the dentinal tubules and, under capillary pressure, is pushed towards the enamel, strengthening it. In case of disorders, when capillary pressure decreases, the amount of mineral substances decreases, plaque is literally attracted to the tooth walls (the enamel is like a fine-mesh sieve and allows oral fluid to pass into the tooth).

According to classical dental textbooks, caries is classified as an infectious bacterial disease. Recent research confirms that caries:

• odontoporosis (decreased density of dental tissue);
• odontoclasia (destruction of all layers of the tooth).

Factors influencing the intensity of caries development on the front teeth:

1. Excessive consumption of confectionery products without cleaning the mouth for 4 hours (maximum time for the formation of soft plaque). In addition, excess sugar inhibits the normal functioning of the pituitary gland.
2. Inflammatory process or removal of the salivary glands (saliva contains a complex of antimicrobial factors, neutralizes the acids of dental plaque and is involved in enamel calcification).
3. Environmentally unpleasant factors and work in the metallurgical, mining, coal, chemical industries.
4. Reduced general resistance (resistance) of the body.
5. Improper development of the jaw, crowded teeth, making it difficult to clean the mouth.

How does caries manifest on the front teeth?

Caries on the front teeth most often appears on the enamel surface, but in older people or people with periodontal disease, the exposed surfaces of the tooth roots are also where the disease develops.

Symptoms:

• Whitish matte spots, initial carious lesion (white spot lesion, incipient lesion). Due to plaque on smooth surfaces, as well as the frequent location on proximal surfaces (when interdental caries of the anterior teeth develops), only a dentist can determine the initial stage of development of the disease. The surface layer of enamel at the site of a carious lesion loses mineralization, the enamel becomes weaker by 1-10%.
• Formation of a carious cavity due to demineralization of the enamel with subsequent infiltration of bacteria deep into the dentin.
• Unpleasant sensations. The tooth reacts with pain to cold, hot, sweet or sour foods. The tongue can feel a change in the surface of the tooth (it can be injured). Food particles and floss get stuck.

Stages of caries on the front teeth

Caries on the front teeth develops in the following stages.

Spot stage

If you examine a stain after removing plaque using a dental probe, the roughness of the surface is noted, and when the probe is advanced, smoothness is noted. If you look at a section of a tooth under a polarizing microscope, a significant lack of minerals and an increase in the volume of enamel pores from 5 to 25% are found directly in the affected area. The components of saliva, water and proteins (protein elements) penetrate into these pores.

Initial stage of caries

Superficial caries

Over time, due to the penetration of foreign substances into the enamel, the stain darkens, but intensive cleaning cannot return the color. A carious cavity gradually forms, without affecting the dentin, since the surface layer of enamel at the site of a carious lesion is characterized by a loss of inorganic substances, reaching 1-10%.

Average caries

Caries spreads deeper. On an x-ray, the cavity exceeds half the thickness of the enamel, but does not yet affect the dentin. The rate of destruction of the dental crown at this stage slows down somewhat, since the so-called opaque (dark layer) of enamel is located here. Pores occupy almost 2-4% of it, they are small, because remineralization processes take place here. The tooth tries to recover on its own.

Deep caries

Destroys dentin, passing through the enamel-dentin border and spreading along the dentinal tubules towards the pulp. Dental pulp and dentin have their own protective mechanism. In dentin, sclerotization of the tubules begins, the processes of odontoblasts move away, and replacement irregular dentin is formed at the dentin-pulp boundary. The inflammatory process in the pulp, a reaction to the penetration of bacteria, is also a protective mechanism. If short-term pain occurs when eating cold food, it may be deep caries.

If we talk about caries of the roots of the front teeth (more often found on the canines than on the incisors), then the protective mechanism of the tooth works differently. The bare root surface, which has been exposed to the microbial-bacterial environment of the oral cavity for a long time, is covered with a thin layer of root cement. Strengthening (demineralization) of both the cement and the underlying enamel occurs, and the dentin becomes sclerotic. There are fewer dentinal tubules at the root, so the process proceeds more slowly and is initially shallow. However, over time, caries covers increasingly larger root surfaces.

The composition of plaque on root surfaces differs from the composition of the enamel surface; Aktmomyces fungus is especially common here.

The use of caries-preventive drugs for local prevention of dental caries

G. M. Fleisher , consultant physician, State Healthcare Institution "Regional Dental Clinic - Dental Center", two-time record holder of the Guinness World Book of Records (Lipetsk)

The use of caries prophylactic drugs is today one of the few scientifically substantiated and proven methods of effective fluoride prevention. Expanding our knowledge and understanding of the mechanisms of the protective action of fluorides has largely changed the attitude towards various methods of fluoride prophylaxis.

The use of caries-preventive oral hygiene products currently forms the basis of any caries-prevention program, both at the individual, group, and community levels.

A number of innovative approaches, such as the use of organic fluoride-containing compounds and the slightly acidic pH value of the oral hygiene products used, can significantly enhance their caries-preventive and remineralizing effects.

Fluoride preparations, proposed in 1939 and successfully used to this day, have become widespread in dentistry (Markskors D., 2003). The effect of fluorine preparations is based on the formation of CaF2 and fluorapatite crystals with a crystal lattice more resistant to acids. Fluoride ions and their role in increasing the resistance of enamel and dentin are the result of decades of research and thousands of publications.

The result is that every year fluoride compounds are becoming more and more effective in the treatment and prevention of various diseases and pathological conditions of the teeth (M. Nanaka, K. Matsunaga, Y. Kadoma, 2000). Accordingly, widespread caries prevention strategies aim to incorporate fluoride into the enamel structure, primarily during the pre-eruption stages of tooth formation.

The most common methods of systemic (or endogenous) fluoride prophylaxis, designed to increase the proportion of fluoride-containing apatites in the enamel structure, include the use of fluoride in tablets and fluoridation of drinking water. Clinical studies supporting the above concept are based on three groups of clinical studies:

1. caries-preventive effect of systemic administration of fluoride-containing drugs during pregnancy;
2. changes in the intensity of dental caries in children living in regions where drinking water is fluoridated;
3. “Reducing the solubility of tooth enamel due to the incorporation of fluorides into enamel hydroxyapatite is a fundamental condition for the effectiveness of fluoride prophylaxis.”

Thus, Glenn et al, 1982, demonstrated the relationship between taking fluoride-containing drugs during pregnancy and reducing the intensity of caries in primary (baby) teeth. A number of clinical studies have demonstrated a significant reduction in the intensity of caries in primary and permanent teeth in people living in regions where drinking water is fluoridated (Thylstrup et al, 1982; Newbrun, 1989; Ripa, 1993).

It is known that dynamic processes of de- and remineralization occur on the surface of the tooth, in which the decisive role is played by the concentrations of Ca2+, PO43-, OH- ions in the oral fluid and tooth enamel, as well as the pH value of saliva and interdental space (Borovsky E.V., Leontiev V.K., 1991; Leontiev V.K., 1978, 1980; Pakhomov G.N., 1982).

It was found that the permeability of different layers of intact enamel is not the same. The least permeable is the surface layer, then the subsurface and middle layer (Zero DT, 1999). With the intensification of demineralization processes, an increase in enamel permeability is observed, including the proportion of organic acids (Borovsky E.V., Kuzmina E.M., Nemetskaya T.I., 1986; Vozhov E.A. 1983; Feamhead RW, Kawasaki K. , Inoue K., 1982).

Exposure to organic acids leads to an increase in enamel microspaces, which, in turn, causes a progression of permeability and a further increase in enamel solubility. In addition, the dynamic equilibrium of the processes of de- and remineralization is facilitated by the variability of the mineral composition of the enamel due to the ability of crystals to ion exchange (Morphis TL, Tuomba KJ, Lygidakis NA, 2000; Rosin-Grget K., Lincir I., 2001).

According to M. Neuman (1961), each crystal is covered with a thick hydration layer, allowing ion exchange to occur. The hydration shell indicates that the crystal is electrically charged and may contain foreign ions (Pakhomov G.N., 1982; Curzon MJ, Losee FL, 1977). In addition, the hydration shell is a source of ions participating in exchange and substitution reactions with ions of the surface and deep layers of the hydroxyapatite crystal lattice (Rosin-Gаget K., Lincir I., 2001).

The process of penetration of ions into enamel depends on the ionic radius, activity, chemical properties and concentration of the ions. The state of the hydroxyapatite surface, the charge and concentration of ions on the surface of the hydration layer are also important. Most inorganic ions are smaller in size than the thickness of the hydration layer, so they easily penetrate and accumulate in it (Pakhomov G.N., 1982; Driessens FM, 1982).

It has been established that the process of ion penetration increases with the progression of focal demineralization, which serves as the basis for the remineralization process (Borovsky E.V., Kuzmina E.M., Nemetskaya T.I., 1986; Borovsky E.V., Leontyev V.K., 1991; Pakhomov G.N., 1974; Driessens FM, 1982). The subject of special discussion is the issue of fluorine content in remineralizing solutions.

The introduction of fluoride ions into the composition of remineralizing solutions enhances the remineralization process several times (Tishchenko L. Yu., 2009). Gonzales M. (1998) showed that fluoride increases the rate of incorporation of calcium and phosphorus into enamel. At a fluorine content of 0.1 mg/l, which is a low concentration, apatite precipitates from unstable supersaturated solutions, such as saliva.

In the absence of fluorine, apatite crystals do not precipitate from saturated solutions. In this case, the formation of soluble substances occurs, such as octacalcium phosphate (Knappwost A., 1952; Mount J., 2003).

However, the addition of fluorine to remineralizing solutions leads to its combination with calcium and the formation of an insoluble substance that does not affect the structure of the enamel.

A number of modern experimental data indicate that the key role in the implementation of the kariostatic mechanisms of action of fluorides belongs, first of all, not to the maximum content of fluorapatite in the enamel, but to the presence of ionized fluoride in the environment surrounding the tooth enamel.

In vitro and in situ studies have shown that the key mechanism of the anti-caries effect of fluorides is associated with the regulation of the kinetics of de- and remineralization. According to modern concepts, ionized fluorides provide an anti-caries effect through the following mechanisms:

1. obstacle (slowdown) of demineralization of intact enamel;
2. influence on the kinetics of remineralization of demineralized enamel;
3. optimization of the crystalline composition of enamel (due to calcium fluoride and fluorapatite).

The effect of suppressing enamel demineralization in the presence of ionized fluoride in the environment is of a confirmed dose-dependent nature, which opens up significant opportunities for improving methods of local fluoride prevention by increasing the concentration of ionized fluoride in environments in direct contact with enamel (including in microbial biofilm), compared with biological fluid of the oral cavity.

Stimulation and acceleration of remineralization are associated with the low solubility of fluorapatite, which begins to recover even in a slightly acidic environment earlier than the other phases of enamel apatite. Consequently, during the remineralization that develops after exposure to acid, a redistribution of the mineral phases of the enamel occurs, while the proportion of stable apatites increases, and the proportion of easily soluble calcium phosphate phases decreases (Solovieva A. M., 2009).

Remineralization of tooth enamel is possible only if the function of organic enamel matrices consisting of proteins, glucoproteins, and lipids is preserved (Maksimovsky Yu. M., Zemskova M. I., 1994).

For successful treatment, caries prophylactic and fluoride preparations are used (Table No. 1), which compensate for defects in the crystal lattice, increase the resistance of enamel to acids, and reduce its permeability.

Table No. 1. Composition of fluoride preparations

Classification of caries prophylactic drugs:

I. Fluoride preparations:

A. Fluorine-containing solutions:

• Pro Fluoride M (“VOCO”),
• Fluocal Solute (“Septodont”),
• "Gluftored" ("VladMiVa").

B. Fluoride-containing gels:

• Fluocal Gel ("Septodont"), Fluoridin Gel N 5 ("VOCO"), Pro Fluorid Gelex ("VOCO"), Fluor-Gel ("Blend-a-med"), Oral B Fluor-gel ("Cooper") , Elmex-gele (“Wypert”), PARO AMIN FLUOR ESRO AG (Switzerland), Flor-Opal (Ultradent Product Inc., USA), TOPEX “00: 60” SECOND Sultan (USA), Nupro APF (Dentsply).

B. Fluorine-containing varnishes:

• Fluoridine (“VOCO”), Bifluorid 12 (“VOCO”), ADMIRA PROTECT (“VOCO”), Multifluorid (“VOCO”), Controcar (“Hammacher”), Duraphat (“Woelm”), “Fluor Protector”, “ Composeal", DuraShield® (Sultan chemists inc. USA), white dental varnish Flor-Opal Varnish White (Ultradent Product Inc., USA), Colgate "Duraphat" with sodium fluoride, "Duraphat" (Woelm).
• "Belagel F" ("VladMiVa"), "Ftorlak" (Phthorlacum), "BELAC F" ("VladMiVa", Russia), "Ftorlak" ("Omega-Dent"), "Stomaftor" varnish, "Ftorlak" (transparent ), "Ftorlak" colorless, "RADOGEL F Rainbow-R" (Russia), "PROFILAK" (StomaDent, Russia).

II. Remineralizing drugs:

• Belagel Sa/R (“VladMiVa”),
• enamel sealing liquid (Humanchemie, Germany),
• "Remodent" (Latvia),
• GC Tooth Mousse (Japan),
• MI PASTE PLUS (GC), Dental Resources (USA):
• remineralizing gel with fluoride and calcium,
• fluoride rinse (concentrate).

Indications for the use of caries prophylactic drugs:

• at a therapeutic appointment (for the treatment of caries in the spot stage, multiple dental caries, root caries, hyperesthesia of hard tissues, wedge-shaped defects, for the treatment of restorations after grinding and polishing, with pathological abrasion of teeth, etc.);
• at an orthopedic appointment (after grinding teeth, to protect the living stump of a prepared tooth, when processing the contact surfaces of adjacent teeth, before cementing temporary and permanent crowns on living teeth, when fixing clasp structures, etc.);
• at a periodontal appointment (after curettage of periodontal pockets to protect the necks of teeth, with cervical hyperesthesia, etc.);
• adolescence - in the treatment and prevention of caries in children (preservation of baby teeth, in the presence of pigmented deep fissures of permanent teeth, in the stage of fissure maturation, with immature fissures, etc.);
• at an orthodontic appointment (one month before the start of orthodontic treatment, during fixation and removal of braces and rings);
• restoration of the mineral composition of the enamel after the whitening procedure;
• the final stage after Dentilux or professional oral hygiene;
• pregnancy period.

Effect of fluoride on the metabolism of plaque bacteria

Data on the effect of fluoride compounds on the composition of the microbial flora of dental plaque are contradictory. Thus, some authors point to a decrease in Str. Murans compared to other plaque microorganisms (Loesche WJ, Syed AA, Murray RG, Mellberg JR, 1976). In some studies, no significant changes in the microbial flora were identified (Marsh PD, 1999).

The influence of fluorine on the barrier function of cell membranes of microorganisms was discovered (Edgar WM, Cockburn MA, Jenkins GN, 1981; Wendt LK, Koch G., Birkhed D., 2001). It is assumed that by changing the electrical potential of the cell membrane, the flow of sugars, as well as K+ and PO43- ions into the microbial cell is controlled (Eisenberg AD, Marquis RE, Bender AD, 1980).

A decrease in K+ ions causes depression of acid production by microorganisms (Geddes DAM, Nee SG, 1982; Marsh PD, 1999). When an H+ ion is added to a fluorine ion, a HF molecule is formed, it easily passes through the membrane and dissociates in the cytoplasm into H+ and F- (Luoma H., Luoma AR, Seppa L., 1984). The release of a proton helps reduce the pH of the cytoplasm, and fluorine ion can directly inhibit the process of glycolysis and the synthesis of acids by microorganisms, which ultimately leads to bacteriolysis (Broukal Z., Zajicek O., 1974).

In addition, some authors believe that fluorides can influence the adhesion of dental jack bacteria to tooth enamel by disrupting the formation of extracellular polysaccharides, a substance that plays a major role in bacterial adhesion (Brudevold F., Naujoks R., 1978; Ferreti GA, Tanzer JM , Tinanoff N., 1982). Fluorides also slow down the formation of lipoteichonic acid, negatively affecting the ability of bacteria to adhere to the tooth surface.

Fluoride affects various stages of the metabolism of plaque bacteria, especially carbohydrate metabolism and, in particular, the processes of glycolysis. In this case, the activity of the enolase enzyme is inhibited. Under the influence of enolase, phosphoenolglycerate is converted to phosphoenolpyruvate. Enolase activity depends on the availability of free magnesium. Fluoride ions bind to magnesium, which leads to inhibition of enolase activity.

Fluorine also slows down the transport of glucose into bacterial cells. Penetration of glucose into the streptococcal cell can occur in two ways. Through the phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase (PEP-PTP) system, glucose-6-P is formed and penetrates into the cell.

In this case, activated phosphate is formed from phosphoenolpyruvate. Fluorine has an indirect inhibitory effect on the intracellular synthesis of polysaccharides, since due to the cessation of the functioning of the FEP-PTF mechanism, the formation of glucose necessary for the synthesis of polysaccharides slows down or this process does not occur. Fluorine does not affect the breakdown of intracellular reserve carbohydrates.

As already mentioned, fluorides inhibit the formation of phosphoenolpyruvate. At a low pH value in the extracellular space, fluoride ions combine with a proton and penetrate into the cell in the form of HF. The value of the proton gradient decreases, and as a result, the transport flux of glucose decreases. Due to the dissociation of HF in the intracellular space, the pH value decreases. Since glycolytic enzymes are most active in an alkaline environment, a decrease in pH inhibits bacterial metabolism (Helwig E., Klimek J., Attin T., 1999).

Thus, under normal physiological conditions, fluoride-containing compounds have a slight effect on plaque bacteria, but by affecting the metabolic processes of plaque, they can change its microbial composition.

The mechanism of the anti-caries effect of fluoride

Under the best conditions, that is, when a person receives the optimal amount of fluoride throughout his life, the following links in the complex mechanism of the anti-caries effect of fluorides can be realized.

The first link is during the formation of the organic matrix and its primary mineralization. Optimal fluoride supply during this period promotes matrix synthesis, crystal formation and the mineralization process.

The second link is after the end of the activity of ameloblasts in the pre-eruptive stage, which lasts several years, when the crowns of the teeth are still chemically unstable. Due to the relatively easy replacement of hydroxyl with fluoride ion, the enamel crystal lattice is enriched with fluorapatite with the formation of structures more resistant to physical, chemical and biological influences. Therefore, it is believed that the second link of the anti-caries effect of fluorides is even more important:

Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 + F– à Ca10(PO4)6F(OH) + (OH)– (1)

As a result of the isomeric substitution reaction from hydroxyapatite, hydroxyfluorapatite is obtained. This compound is significantly more resistant to dissolution than hydroxyapatite. When fluorine replaces even one of the 50 hydroxyl groups, the solubility of enamel decreases sharply. However, when hydroxyapatite is exposed to high concentrations of fluorine, the reaction follows a different type:

Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 + 20F– à 10СаF2 + 6PO43– + 2(OH)– (2)

As a result of this reaction, calcium fluoride is formed, a practically insoluble compound that quickly disappears from the tooth surface as a result of leaching. This reaction during fluorination is undesirable, and therefore high concentrations of fluorides should not be used, especially in acidic solutions.

The third link is in the post-eruptive period, when ion exchange slows down significantly; at this stage, fluoride-containing water and somewhat fluoride-enriched saliva, washing the tooth crown, maintain the barrier properties of the surface layers of enamel and, possibly, contribute to its remineralization (Loshakova L. Yu., 2011).

The mechanism of action of fluoride preparations on tooth enamel

The main principle of remineralization is the compensation of the loss of mineral elements in demineralized solid tissues, which is ensured by increasing the permeability of the latter to ions and drug molecules.

During remineralization therapy, enamel solubility changes in two phases: first, there is a rapid increase in enamel solubility with a significant decrease in excess Ca2+ release. After six months, the solubility of the enamel decreases again and the processes of de- and remineralization reach equilibrium (Maksimovskaya L.N., 2002).

Rolla G. (1988) studied the effect of calcium fluoride formed on the demineralized surface of tooth enamel. It was found that CaF2 helps to increase enamel resistance by blocking diffusion pathways during acid attack.

However, due to their rather large size, calcium fluoride molecules are unable to remain on the tooth surface for a long time and, accordingly, prevent demineralization for a long time and enhance remineralization (Rosalen PL, Pearson SK, Bowen WL, 1996).

The mechanism of local action of fluoride preparations on tooth enamel is their inclusion in the crystal lattice of the enamel. In this case, hydroxyl or another less active ion is replaced by F—, which leads to the formation of a substance more resistant to acid dissolution (Knappwost A., 1978; Tishchenko L. Yu., 2009). It has been established that after application of a fluoride solution acidified with phosphate, fluoride is adsorbed in the form of CaF2 crystals on the organic substance of the enamel.

When exposed to fluorides in an amount of 0.1-1.0 mg/l, calcium phosphate complexes and a thin layer of fluorapatite are formed on the enamel surface (Ganss C., 2001). Exposure to solutions containing fluorides in amounts below 0.5 mg/l leads to the formation of mainly fluorapatite, accelerating remineralization. Solutions containing fluorides more than 0.5 mg/l lead to the formation of fluorite on the surface of teeth (Tishchenko L. Yu., 2009).

When the enamel surface was exposed to combinations of 8% solutions of sodium fluoride and tin fluoride with sodium acid phosphate (NaH2PO4), a high anti-caries effectiveness of the combination of tin fluoride with acid phosphate was noted. Abrahams L. et al. (Bratthall D., 1995) used a system containing calcium fluoride to remineralize enamel, which serves as a source of fluoride and, together with calcium and salivary phosphates, provides the thermodynamic driving forces for the formation of fluorapatite and hydroxyfluorapatite.

Thus, F. Brudevold, RF Naujok (1978) indicate that when fluorides are used in low concentrations, calcium fluoride and fluorapatite are formed, while the use of high concentrations of fluorides leads mainly to the formation of a soluble octocalcium phosphate compound, which is unable to significantly influence the remineralization process.

However, according to the author, the positive effect of exposure to fluorides is short-term, decreasing as fluorine ions leave the enamel (Brudevold F., Naujoks R., 1978). Numerous studies have confirmed that the process of fluorapatite formation is more intense when fluorides are used in low concentrations (Borovsky E.V., Maksimovskaya L.N., Kolesnik A.G., 1987; Leontyev V.K., 1980; Duschner H., Gotz FL, Ogaard B., 1997; Gibbs CD, Atherton SE, Huntington E., 1995).

Jenkins GN (1988) believes that fluorine ions, replacing the OH- group or carbonate included in the apatite structure, affect the formation of crystals, increase their size, and also contribute to the remineralization process by precipitating apatites from supersaturated solutions. There is information in the literature confirming this (Stookey G. K., 1998; Strohmmgei L., Brambilla E., 2001).

Larsen M., Fejersckov O., Tachos B. (1981) found that constant maintenance of even slightly increased fluoride concentrations in the oral cavity helps reduce solubility and promotes the remineralization process.

Changes in enamel with a single increase in fluoride concentration are too small, but if they are maintained for a long period of time, this provides protection against the release of calcium and phosphorus from the surface layer of enamel, and also promotes the entry of fluoride ions into the enamel structure and the formation of fluorapatite. This effect was achieved with daily use of fluoride pastes and rinses (Kuzmina E. M., 2001; Nedoseko V. B., Lomiashvili L. M., 1995).

There is also information in the literature that the use of fluoride-containing preparations promotes the formation of a protective covering layer of mineral components on the surface of the enamel, as well as in the pores of loosened enamel during the initial stages of caries.

This protective reaction is disrupted if the rate of apatite dissolution exceeds the rate of formation of the protective layer. Fluorine-containing preparations help increase the rate of formation of a protective mineral layer (Feamhead RW, Kawasaki K., Inoue K., 1982; Knappwost A., 1978, 1993; Wen HB, Cui FZ, Chen XQ, Wang G., 1995).

The pronounced therapeutic effect of fluorides is explained not only by the fact that it helps to increase the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus ions in the surface layers of enamel, but also by the fact that in the absence of fluorine, apatite crystals do not precipitate from saturated solutions, but form soluble compounds such as octacalcium phosphate. Thus, the combination of the use of remineralizing compounds and fluorine significantly increases the effect of their impact (Strohmmgei L., Brambilla E., 2001).

However, when studying tooth enamel after applications of sodium fluoride solutions, a decrease in the penetration of radioactive calcium into the deep layers of enamel was noted compared to the surface layer.

This indicates that the enamel acts as an ionic membrane, and the density of the negative charge on the crystal surface increases after local treatment with fluorine, which creates a higher cation specificity of the enamel (Christofersen J., Christofersen MR, Arends J., Leonardsen E., 1995 ; Featherstone JD, 2000; Warren DP, Chan JT, 1997).

Fluorides affect metabolic processes in tooth enamel. During the interaction of fluorides with enamel, apatite crystals are deposited on the surface of the so-called protective layer, which explains the decrease in permeability and the intensification of remineralization processes.

Along with inorganic fluorine compounds, its organic compounds, amino fluorides, have recently found use. According to many authors, they are more intensively incorporated into the enamel, increasing its resistance to acid dissolution, which is associated with the formation of calcium fluoride (Leus P. A., Smirnova T. A., Pashinina E. O., 1980; Khomenko L., Kononovich E., 1997).

The idea of ​​using amino fluoride as a topical agent is associated with the remineralizing effect of fluorine and the physicochemical properties of protecting aliphatic amines. Aminofluoride is able to protect enamel from acids not only due to the formation of CaF2, but also due to the precipitation of amine additives (Kolesnik A. G., Pilat E. L., 1989; Brambilla E., Tosilli A., Felconi A., Gagliani M. , 1997; Faller RV, 1995).

A number of authors (Smirnova T. A., 1984; Jungo Markus, 2001) used applications of 1% sodium fluoride gel for remineralization. They believe that the mechanism of preventive action of fluoride gel is the inhibition of lactate and acetate by plaque bacteria.

Most researchers indicate high efficiency when using fluorovarnishes and fluorogels on smooth surfaces (Bakhmudov B. R., 1994; Kuzmina E. M., Smirnova T. A., 2001; Maslak E. E., Kazantseva I. A., Fursik T.I., Ogonyan V.R., 1997).

The use of fluorides in the form of gels and varnishes has a number of advantages. They have pronounced adhesion to enamel, are easy to apply and can remain on the enamel for up to 24 hours (Kolesnik A.G., Pilat E.L., 1989; Kuzmina E.M., 2001; Attin T., Hartmann O., Hilgers RD , Hellwig E., 1995).

However, the WHO expert report (1995) indicates that the release of fluorides is “explosive” and short-term in nature. Special membranes are also used to slowly release fluorides. The duration of fluoride release can be 30-80 days. These methods are likely to play an important role in the prevention and treatment of caries in the future, but at present there are no comprehensive data from clinical trials (Castioni N., Beahni PC, Gurny R., 1998).

Despite various approaches to the use of fluorides in the oral cavity, numerous data indicate that the effect of their exposure does not exceed 45-56%. Analyzing the literature data, we can conclude that various fluoride compounds are widely used for the prevention of dental caries. However, the effectiveness of simple fluorides is short-term and requires long-term and frequent use to achieve a pronounced preventive effect.

An excess of carbohydrate foods and simple sugars leads to an increase in the viscosity of saliva, which significantly reduces its mineralizing properties. According to some authors, viscous saliva prevents the washing away of fermentation acids from the points where food residues are retained on the teeth, which causes an increase in the processes of demineralization of the enamel.

In addition, with a carbohydrate load, there was a decrease in the functional activity of the salivary glands, a change in the physicochemical properties of saliva: a decrease in the flow rate, a change in its qualitative and quantitative composition (Kruglova L.N., Nedoseko V.B., Ter-Nikogosova L., 1988 ; Suntsov V. G., 1987; Chekmezova I. V., 1983).

The influence of oral fluid pH on enamel mineralization

A significant role in reducing the mineralizing function of saliva is played by changes in pH. It is believed that the average pH value of saliva is 6.5-7.5, that is, it is neutral. A sharp decrease in pH is observed with a carbohydrate load (Borovsky E.V., Burdina O.V., 1991; Leontyev V.K., Petrovich Yu.A., Kruglova L.N., 1997; Leus P.A., Lebedeva G. K., 1981).

When studying the effect of sucrose on the composition of the properties of mixed saliva in children, an increase in viscosity was noted, as well as a decrease in the pH of the oral fluid (Redinova T. L., 1989; Tokueva L. I., 1985).

One of the main factors that destabilizes the pH of oral fluid is the acid-forming ability of dental plaque microorganisms (Balashova E. I., 1987; Levitsky A. P., Mizina I. K., 1987; Leus P. A., Lebedeva G. K. , 1981; Redinova T. L., 1989; Mascarenhas AK, Moursi AM, 2001).

In studies on the effect of changes in the pH of saliva on its composition, it was proven that when the pH decreased below 5, the concentration of hydrogen ions decreased by 10 times, the degree of saturation with hydroxyapatite by 8.3 times. Moreover, according to the authors, pH 6–6.62 is critical. Saliva passes from the state of a mineralizing liquid to a demineralizing state (Borovsky E.V., Leontyev V.K., 1991; Borovsky E.V., Leontyev V.K., Maksimovskaya L.N., 1984; Gron P., 1983; Larsen M J., 1991).

On the contrary, an increase in pH increases the mineralizing properties of the oral fluid due to an increase in the degree of supersaturation with Ca2+, HPO42-, F- ions. This promotes the formation of tartar and partly explains the resistance of teeth to caries in the area of ​​​​its formation (Murray II, 1986; Navarro M., 2001).

Van Houte J., Lopman J., Kent R. (1996) consider changes in local pH to be the main cause of focal demineralization (Woltgens JH, Bervouets TJ, Witjes F., Houwink B., 1981). However, according to other authors, minor fluctuations in local pH cannot greatly change the pH of the oral fluid as a whole (Kanellis MJ, 2000).

A short-term decrease in local pH at the site of exposure to organic acids of dental plaque on tooth enamel is quickly restored due to the consumption of ions contained in the oral fluid: Ca2+, HPO42-, F-, OH-. Thus, partial precipitation of the lost ions occurs and the local pH value is restored.

As noted by many authors (Leontiev V.K., 1983; Leontiev V.K., Chekmezova I.V., Shvyrnogov V.Z., 1983; Morphis TL, Tuomba KJ, Lygidakis NA, 2000), the main mechanism for maintaining the constancy of dental tissues in the oral cavity is the oversaturation of the oral fluid with Ca2+, HPO42-, F- ions, in other words, hydroxyapatite or fluorapatite.

A. Knappwost (1993) states that the surface layer of enamel is covered predominantly with Ca2+ and PO43– ions, which, as a result of hydrolysis in the intermediate stage, forms CaHPO4, and in the final hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6∙(OH)2. Hydroxyapatite, formed on the surface of the enamel, due to its low solubility and stability, can play a protective role.

The progression of caries, therefore, occurs when the rate of spread of the carious lesion is higher than the rate of formation of hydroxyapatite in the covering layer (Knappwost A., 1993).

It has been proven that the caries-preventive effect of molybdenum and aluminum is due to the suppression of the release of calcium from the enamel when exposed to acids and the stimulation of the inclusion of fluorine in the hydroxyapatite lattice (Kleder CJ, Putt MS, 1984), in addition, sodium chloride helps to increase the effectiveness of fluoride ions, and zinc ions suppress the activity bacteria (RF Patent No. 2157174 dated March 29, 1999).

The main result of the cariesostatic effect of fluoride is the suppression of the demineralization process or the activation of remineralization of hard dental tissues. In the oral cavity, the surface of the tooth is constantly exposed to various influences.

Immediately after eruption, the surface of the tooth is covered with greater or less density by various microorganisms, the metabolic activity of which, in the presence of an appropriate substrate, can lead to a decrease in the pH level and, as a result, to the induction of the demineralization process. Periods of demineralization can be replaced by periods of remineralization if, as a result of the transfer by saliva (clearance) of metabolic products of microorganisms and substrate, the pH value increases.

The remineralization effect is the most important of them. Fluoride ions penetrating into the thickness of the enamel and into its surface lead to the strengthening of the enamel, which not only becomes more resistant to carious attack, but also acquires the ability to remineralize or heal the initial manifestations of caries caused by the acids of cariogenic microorganisms. The fluoride ions necessary for remineralization are provided both by fluoridated water and various caries-preventive drugs, for example fluoride drugs (Table No. 1).

Thus, summarizing the data available in the literature, we can conclude that an increase in the viscosity of saliva and changes in the pH of the oral fluid in general, as well as sharp decreases in local pH at the site of exposure of the microbial flora directly to the tooth enamel lead to a decrease in its saturation with hydroxyapatite, which disrupts the processes re- and demineralization towards strengthening the latter.

Changes in enamel at the ultrastructural level lead to the formation of a lesion, diagnosed visually as caries in the white spot stage.

Based on all of the above, we can conclude that the use of caries prophylactic drugs with an optimally selected composition allows for the most effective prevention of caries both at the individual and social levels, and the use of systemic methods of fluoride prevention should be prescribed additionally, taking into account a number of features, and comply with internationally accepted recommendations for the use of fluorides.

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2. Kiselnikova L.P. Prospects for local use of fluorides in clinical dentistry [Text] / L.P. Kiselnikova // Maestro of Dentistry. — 2007, No. 2 (26). - P. 18-22.
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4. Lobovkina L. A. Prevention in therapeutic dentistry is profitable! L. A. Lobovkina, A. M. Romanov [Text] / New in dentistry. - 2007, No. 6. - P. 46-49.
5. Loshakova L. Yu. Course of lectures on current issues in pediatric dentistry: textbook / Loshakova L. Yu., Pylkov A. I.; GOU VPO KemSMA Roszdrav. - Kemerovo: KemGMA, 2011. - 187 p.
6. Markskors D. Preparation of teeth for fixation of crowns (chapters from the monograph) / D. Markskors, R. Markskors // New in dentistry. For dental technicians. - 2003, No. 1. - P. 73-76.
7. Pakhomov G.N. Primary prevention in dentistry. - M., 1982. - 240 p.
8. Solovyova A. M. Fundamentals of the anti-carious effect of fluorides [Text] / A. M. Solovyova // Institute of Dentistry. - 2009, No. 45. - 32-35 p.
9. Tishchenko L. Yu. Clinical assessment and increase in the resistance of enamel and dentin in hyperesthesia of hard dental tissues [Text]: abstract. dis. for the job application scientist step. Ph.D. honey. Sciences / L. Yu. Tishchenko - Stavropol, 2009. - 22 p.
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Why is caries on the front teeth dangerous?

The process of caries spreading can occur much faster than on molars and premolars, since the incisors and canines do not have fissures. Due to the shape of the dental crown, the cavity reaches the dentin faster, destroying the tooth. In many cases, advanced caries leads to the fact that it becomes impossible to restore the tooth with filling materials; a crown must be installed. And in the worst case, tooth extraction and prosthetics or implantation.

Interdental and cervical caries involve adjacent teeth, and it is more difficult to treat this part of the dentition due to its specific shape, so treating caries on the front teeth is more expensive.

What is Remodent made from?

The material for the manufacture of the drug Remodent for teeth is animal bone tissue. The resulting biological material is dried by lyophilization. The method is that the material is first frozen and then placed in a vacuum chamber, where the material is dried by sublimation. During sublimation, the solvent evaporates, and the “dry residue” that we require in the case of Remodent remains. The process occurs without exposure to high temperatures. Thus, lyophilization products retain the integrity of their structure and their valuable properties. Lyophilized powder (for example, such as Remodent) when dissolved in water, restores its original properties. The drug Remodent contains the entire complex of iron, copper, sodium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, phosphorus and manganese ions, which is used for medicinal purposes.

The drug Remodent in sachets 3 grams

Types of caries in front teeth

Oral microorganisms metabolize small carbohydrate particles. The organic acids formed in this process (lactic, acetic, propionic) significantly influence the occurrence of caries. First, a sticky and sticky plaque (plaque) appears, which consists of bacterial cells and an intercellular substance called the matrix. There are two types of dental plaque:

• Supragingival (siipragingi-valis). Causes caries and gum inflammation (gingivitis);
• Subgingival (subgingivalis). Causes the occurrence of periodontal diseases.

Supragingival dental plaque settles in hard-to-clean places that contribute to the occurrence of caries (retention zones). A film appears on clean enamel in which colonies of bacteria form. The plaque becomes mature and cannot be removed without special cleaning. Over time, under the influence of saliva, plaque turns into tartar, and underneath it, the enamel is destroyed and bacteria penetrate. First of all, the grooves and pits on the surfaces of the teeth, the approximal and cervical surfaces of the teeth are subject to caries.

A large accumulation of plaque above the gums leads to tooth decay

Caries between front teeth

Caries on the proximal surface is most common. Improper and untimely cleaning of the oral cavity leads to the rapid growth of plaque, which grows up and down, under the gum. Therefore, the carious cavity can be quite large, the tooth decay is so great that prosthetics are recommended.

Radical caries

The thickness of the enamel becomes thinner closer to the neck. Due to the anatomical structure of the dental crown, it is easier for colonies of bacteria to gain a foothold from below. Therefore, tartar forms here more often, and the carious cavity penetrates into the dentin much faster.

Contact

When there is not enough space in the plaque for an overgrown colony, it spreads to the neighboring tooth, “infecting it.” Usually, the adjacent tooth also has weakened areas of enamel, so caries begins there too.

Other types

There is still no single and universal classification of caries. Based on the analysis of clinical manifestations, as well as various forms of progression of caries of the anterior teeth, in addition to topographic (takes into account the anatomical localization, root, contact), we can also distinguish:

• dynamic caries (the degree of damage to the dental crown and root, as well as the speed of development of the disease are taken into account);
• chronological (takes into account the prevalence of caries depending on the age of the patient).

Diagnostics

Whether it will be painful to treat caries on a front tooth depends on the degree of damage. To diagnose it use:

1. Fluorescent radiation. Due to the uneven reflection (the carious spot does not glow), the presence of the disease can be determined. The method is suitable for preventive examination.
2. Vital staining with a mixture of methylene blue (1%) and red (0.5%) solutions. A carious stain is colored differently than healthy dental tissue. The method is cheap, it also allows you to identify areas of caries, but it is not used for prescribing treatment, because does not show the depth of the carious cavity.
3. Electroodontometry. Check the condition of the pulp using an electric current.
4. X-ray. The image shows the depth of destruction and the protective reaction of the tooth. The most accurate method by which treatment is prescribed in the most severe cases.

Treatment of caries of anterior teeth

The choice of treatment method depends on the location of the caries and the depth of its penetration. In this case, treatment must be comprehensive. In addition to dental treatment, patients must reduce their intake of easily fermented carbohydrates. Remineralizing therapy is also indicated.

Treatment of caries of anterior teeth

Sealing

Preparation of the cavity followed by filling is considered symptomatic treatment, since it does not eliminate the cause of the lesion. A cavity is an advanced state of the carious process, therefore, for the sake of protecting teeth, it is better not to bring it to this stage.

Caries between the front teeth involves both teeth, so it is common to have a cavity on both teeth at the same time. The best result is achieved with lingual access to the cavity (sometimes direct and vestibular), because The vestibular surface of the enamel is preserved and a higher aesthetic level is achieved.

To prepare a cavity, first pass through the enamel to the site of the lesion with a spherical bur, then excise the contact wall of the cavity with an enamel knife (or bur). The softened dentin is removed, cleaning the entire cavity. If necessary, retention points are formed (Latin retentio - retention, preservation) and an additional platform on the lingual surface. At the same time, they try to preserve the tissue of the contact surface of the tooth as much as possible. Enamel without underlying dentin is most often removed, since the likelihood that demineralization has spread to the entire tooth is quite high.

Then the prepared cavity is filled using contour matrices curved on a plane and interdental wedges so that the placed filling restores the surface of the dental crown and does not interfere. For filling use:

• composite materials (classes of macro- and microphiles, hybrids);
• ormokers and compomers (provide the most aesthetic result);
• glass ionomer cements (used when etching of tooth tissue is impossible. The cheapest filling).

Amalgam is only suitable for filling canines with lingual access.

For many, visiting the dental office means an unpleasant experience. Filling is a completely tolerable process, however, at the request of the patient (and if the caries cavity extends deep into the dentin), the dentist will inject an anesthetic.

Infiltration method

Treatment of caries on the front teeth, when the destruction does not affect the dentin, is possible using Icon technology. The affected area of ​​the tooth is not prepared, but treated with a special gel. Thanks to its mineralized chemical composition, the gel penetrates into the deep layers of enamel, destroying bacteria and sealing pores. At the same time, demineralization occurs with restoration of enamel thickness.

What can you do for caries in your front teeth at home?

To treat the initial stage of caries, remineralizing therapy is carried out at home. Typically, a 10% solution of calcium gluconate, a 2% solution of sodium fluoride, and Remodent are used. Before application, the teeth are mechanically cleaned, the tooth surface is treated with a 1% solution of hydrogen peroxide (attention: 3% is not suitable) and dried. Next use:

• Calcium gluconate. Apply cotton swabs soaked in the solution to the surface of the dental crown. Change every 5 minutes for 20 minutes. Then apply a tampon soaked in a 0.5-2% sodium fluoride solution.
• Sodium fluoride . A tampon soaked in the solution is applied for 10-12 minutes. Course: 3-4 applications every 3-5 days. Treatment is recommended every 3 months.
• Remodent. A tampon soaked in a 1,2, 3% solution is applied for 20 minutes, changing 3-4 times per procedure. Usually 15-20 procedures are required.

After the procedure, you should not eat food for 2 hours.

Attention! Home treatment has not been proven to be effective. By doing it, you can worsen the condition of your teeth.

How is remotherapy carried out?

First of all, it is necessary to eliminate inflammation and foci of caries. Sanitation of the oral cavity is carried out. To improve the penetration of the remineralizing drug, it is necessary to remove tartar and soft plaque covering the surface of the teeth. Air Flow hygienic cleaning or ultrasonic scaling is carried out.

1. Application remotherapy . A concentrated composition for remineralization is applied to the prepared surface of the teeth. If indicated, the teeth are coated with fluoride varnish at the end of the procedure. It is recommended to repeat the procedure approximately once every six months.

2. Remotherapy using a mouthguard . A sealed mouthguard is made individually based on impressions of the patient's jaws. The patient independently fills it with the remineralization composition, puts it on and takes it off. The duration of use of the mouthguard for remotherapy is determined by the dentist.

For a procedure such as remotherapy, special preparations are used to remineralize teeth: remineralizing toothpaste, special protective varnish, fluoride-containing discs, rocs remineralizing gel, remodent.

Remodent is a special substance in powder form that contains mineral compounds and is used for remotherapy. You can buy Remodent at a specialized pharmacy at an affordable price. Rocs remineralizing gel contains the necessary minerals - microelements, macroelements: magnesium, calcium, phosphorus. It is this composition of the gel that allows you to maintain the strength of the tooth.

Remineralizing preparations are used for rinsing and for local application and strengthening of teeth as a solution for applications or electrophoresis on the tooth area.

Rox gel is now widely used in dentistry for the reason that its composition is safe even for children, it does not contain fluoride, which is why it has gained its popularity. The use of rocs gel provides a bactericidal effect; its composition, among other things, contains xylitol. Because the drug is produced in the form of a gel; it is used in the form of applications to the tooth area, both at home and in a dental clinic. The gel is not fluid, so it adheres well to tooth enamel, creating a kind of film, and the beneficial components contained in the composition penetrate into the tooth enamel, strengthening it and making it healthier.

Indications for dental remotherapy According to dentists, one should prepare for dental remotherapy, and for the method to be effective, it is better to use it after whitening and removal of tartar. This method is especially recommended for use in pregnant women and adolescents, because their body is especially prone to losing minerals and nutrients.

Planned teeth whitening

Damage to enamel

· Hygienic teeth cleaning (after the procedure)

· Polishing, grinding and preparation of teeth for veneers, crowns (after the procedure)

· Pregnancy period

Dental hyperesthesia (increased enamel sensitivity)

Pathological abrasion, thinning of tooth enamel

Wedge-shaped defect

Erosion and other damage to enamel

· Caries in the spot stage

Prevention

To increase resistance to caries (caries resistance) it is recommended:

• Maintain oral hygiene (proper cleaning of the mouth, rinsing after meals);
• change your diet (reduce sweets, add solid vegetables and fruits);
• treat otitis media and diseases affecting the nasopharynx in a timely manner;
• take fluoride supplements.

Professional teeth cleaning is one of the preventive measures

Fluorine increases the resistance of enamel, forming fluorapatite. In addition, fluorides:

• normalize metabolism in dental tissue;
• inhibit the growth of microorganisms;
• reduce the rate of formation of acids that destroy teeth.

Therefore, if there is a low level of fluoride in the water in the region, it is recommended to drink fluoridated water, and also more often add sea fish and canned food made from it, seaweed, parsley, and tea to your food. And also use toothpaste with fluoride.

Sodium fluoride intake is 250 days a year with a break in the summer months. Subject to compliance with the timing and method of application, a reduction (decrease) of caries of primary teeth by 70-93%, and of permanent teeth by 30-60% is ensured.

Instructions for use

1. Rinsing the mouth. First, a solution is prepared: 3 grams of powder from a bag is dissolved in 100 milliliters of boiled or distilled water (this is half a glass). The result is a 3% solution of remodent. Rinse your mouth with the resulting solution for 5 minutes. The course of treatment consists of 10 rinses. 2 to 4 preventive courses are recommended.
2. Applying the application to the affected areas. To do this, form a cotton swab of the required size, dip it into the Remodent solution, soak it in the medicine, and then apply it to the diseased tooth. The application is carried out for 15-20 minutes, the tampons are periodically renewed. Applications can be done 2-3 times a week.

Before carrying out procedures using Remodent, be sure to properly brush your teeth with a brush and toothpaste! After the treatment procedure, it is recommended not to eat for 2 hours.

The prepared Remodent solution can be stored in the refrigerator for no more than 14 days.