According to antiplagiat.ru, the uniqueness of the text as of October 16, 2018 is 90.3%.
Key words, tags: tooth extraction, wisdom tooth, bone tissue, implant installation, augmentation, implantation.
Despite the rapid development of modern dentistry, tooth extraction is still a very common operation. When a doctor removes a tooth, be it a dystopic wisdom tooth or a severely rotted molar, in its place there remains a hole, a cavity, which is called the alveolar socket. Previously, the affected tooth was simply removed, and the resulting cavity, the socket, healed on its own, with a significant decrease in bone tissue. But today, when talking about qualified dental care, we should talk about preserving the alveoli in its original state, even in the absence of a tooth.
Anatomy of the alveolar process
The alveolar, or dental, process (from Latin - processus alveolaris) is the part of the upper and lower jaws that extends from their bodies and contains teeth. The development and normal functioning of this structure is ensured by the roots of the teeth located in it. The alveolar process appears only after teeth erupt and almost completely disappears with their loss. After a tooth is removed, the corresponding area undergoes resorption (resorption). Dental alveoli, or sockets, are individual cells of the alveolar process in which teeth are located. They are separated from each other by bony interdental (interalveolar) partitions. Inside the alveoli of multi-rooted teeth there are also internal (intra-alveolar) interradicular septa, which extend from the bottom of the alveoli and divide the alveoli into chambers (according to the number of roots). The alveolar socket of the tooth has clear, defined boundaries, and it has all the conditions for bone regeneration; you just need to help it maintain its contour.
Anatomy of teeth
|
Each tooth has three parts: the crown of the tooth, the neck of the tooth and the root of the tooth. The crown of the tooth rises above the gum. It is covered with a very durable fabric - enamel, which contains 96-97% inorganic substances and only 3-4% organic.
- The inorganic substance of tooth enamel is represented mainly by hydroxyapatite, containing trace elements (magnesium, zinc, strontium, copper, iron, fluorine, etc.).
- The organic substances of tooth enamel are represented by proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Their content varies between 1.2-1.5%.
Tooth enamel also contains 3.5-3.8% liquid, which is of great importance for the physiological processes occurring in the enamel.
After teething, the process of enamel maturation occurs for 3-5 years, during which calcium compounds, phosphates, microelements and other substances enter the tooth enamel, contributing to the physiological process of its mineralization and increasing its strength.
The bulk of the tooth crown and tooth root consists of dentin - a bone substance impregnated with calcium salts. Dentin contains 70% inorganic substances and is penetrated by tiny tubules containing feeding fibers and nerve endings. In 1 sq. mm of dentin there are up to 75,000 such tubules.
The root of the tooth is located in the cell of the jaw bone and consists of dentin, which, in turn, is covered on the outside with softer tissue - cement (46% inorganic compounds). Between the root and the alveolus (socket) there is a narrow, slit-like space filled with connective tissue. This is the periodontium of the tooth. Periodontal fibers are woven with their ends into cement and bone tissue of the cell and, thus, strengthen the tooth in the alveolar process of the jaws. From the walls of the alveoli, blood vessels penetrate into the periodontium, feeding the dental tissues, and nerve fibers pass through.
In the middle of each tooth there is a cavity that turns into a narrow canal ending in an opening at the apex of the root. In this cavity of the tooth crown there is pulp - dental pulp , which nourishes the tooth tissue. The dental pulp is connected to the rest of the tissues of the jaw by a neurovascular bundle, which passes through an opening in the apex of the tooth root.
Between the root and the crown of the tooth there is a neck of the tooth , covered with cement, and covered with a gingival edge on top. The following teeth are distinguished on each jaw: incisors (central and lateral), canines, small molars and large molars.
Humans erupt teeth twice. First, the so-called milk or temporary teeth appear.
- The timing of their eruption varies depending on the development and general health of the child.
- Usually teeth appear at 6-8 months of life. First, the incisors erupt, then the canines and molars.
- By the age of 2-2.5 years, all 20 temporary teeth should erupt.
- Permanent teeth begin to emerge at 5.5-6 years of age.
- By this time, temporary teeth begin to loosen and fall out.
- The first to appear are the large molars, then the incisors, small molars, canines, and the second large molars.
- By the age of 14, temporary teeth are usually completely replaced by permanent teeth.
- Somewhat later, the third large molars appear, or, as they are also called, “wisdom teeth.”
- Approximately 25-30% of people are missing some or all of their wisdom teeth.
- Thus, an adult human should have between 28 and 32 teeth (depending on whether the third molars have erupted).
On the upper and lower jaws, the teeth are arranged in the form of dental arches, forming the upper and lower dentition, respectively. With the correct relationship of the dentition during closure, the front teeth overlap the lower ones by 1/3 of the tooth crown, and each tooth of the upper and lower dental arches comes into contact with two teeth of the opposite jaw. A certain relationship between the dentitions is called occlusion .
Prepared by: dentist-therapist V.V. Plesovskikh.
Hole preservation procedure
Preservation of the socket of an extracted tooth is a fairly simple and effective operation for preserving bone volume and maximizing the preservation of the natural contours of the alveolar socket. This surgical procedure is performed under local anesthesia and does not pose any risk.
Usually the operation is carried out in several stages:
- treatment of the hole after tooth extraction with special antiseptic compounds;
- installation of a membrane to protect the vestibular wall;
- filling the socket cavity with granular bone-forming substance;
- fixation of the operating surface by tensioning the free edges of the connective tissue;
- applying a bandage or a thin, neat suture.
Complete healing of the postoperative area occurs by the fourth week, and after 3–4 months, in some cases 6 months, if the condition is satisfactory, this area can be used to install an implant.
Pain in the tooth socket after extraction
If the tooth extraction operation is adequately carried out and all the dentist’s recommendations are followed, then after a couple of days the tooth socket should heal painlessly. A plaque forms at the site of damage, which is gradually covered by epithelial tissue as new bone tissue begins to grow.
And if pain persists after these days, it means that due to a combination of circumstances, inflammation has begun in the injured area (alveolus). In medical terminology, this process is called post-extraction alveolitis or alveolitis of the socket.
Etiology of alveolitis
After the tooth is removed, the created cavity should be filled with blood, which after a short time will transform into a special blood clot. Such a clot forms a biological barrier against all kinds of mechanical damage and infection.
But in some cases, the integrity of the blood clot is disrupted or for some reason it is completely absent, then the healing process is disrupted. In this regard, the development of alveolitis of the socket begins, which appears already on the third day and is accompanied by pain.
The main reasons for its occurrence and development are considered to be:
- Incorrectly performed surgery with violations of antiseptic rules, involuntary involvement of dental plaque in the socket, etc.
- Insufficient treatment of the postoperative socket, as a result of which small particles of tooth or pathological tissue remain in it.
- Complexity of the operation.
- Insufficient or complete absence of outpatient procedures for oral care recommended by a doctor.
- Failure to comply with simple hygiene standards.
- Eating food (especially spicy, hot or rough) before the recommended time.
- Self-medication by rinsing on the day of removal.
- Smoking in the first hours after tooth loss.
- Weak immune defense of the body.
- A number of common diseases that can affect the development of the inflammatory process.
Post-extraction alveolitis is dangerous due to severe consequences and complications. Therefore, this procedure must be approached responsibly and trusted to experienced and adequate specialists.
Symptoms and their manifestation
Usually, with a “dry” socket (no blood clot), the inflammatory process begins quite quickly after removal. Residues of food and saliva may be observed in an unprotected formation. Redness of the nearby gums is noticed, touching which causes pain.
If you do not seek medical help in time, the symptoms become more noticeable and are accompanied by:
- not soothing, rather severe pain in the damaged area;
- general condition worsens with rising temperature;
- a feeling of pain spreading throughout the entire jaw;
- the appearance of pus in the wound, resulting in a purulent odor from the mouth;
- formation of black plaque on the gum and socket;
- The submandibular lymph nodes gradually enlarge.
Emergency treatment at home
If the first signs of alveolitis appear and you cannot see a doctor within two to three days, you can try to alleviate the symptoms of the disease yourself.
It is important to remember that not all methods, drugs or folk remedies can cause relief. Some may even make the condition worse. For example, such well-known antiseptics as hydrogen peroxide or soda, on the contrary, will clean the infected hole beyond recognition, freeing it from blood clots, so that it will remain completely defenseless for infections.
If you can contact a specialist, you can use some types of analgesics to relieve pain. These include Baralgin, Ketanov or something similar. To relieve inflammation, you can rinse with a weak solution of potassium permanganate or furatsilin.
But natural antiseptics can be the most effective at home. Consider some folk recipes that have worked well for this disease.
Remedy No. 1
The herbal mixture has a good effect. Flax seed, blessed knycus, creeping tenacious (grass), blue cornflower (flowers), oregano, sunflower petals, are crushed and mixed in equal proportions. Then a spoon (tablespoon) of the crushed collection is filled with one glass of boiling water. The hour is running out. The strained mixture is divided into 4 doses and drunk throughout the day. Good reviews when using this decoction in the form of inhalation.
Remedy No. 2
Pour two tablespoons of St. John's wort (herb) and a spoonful of chamomile (flowers) into half a liter of boiling water and leave covered for two hours. Strain the resulting mixture and rinse your mouth with it at least every hour.
Remedy No. 3
A spoonful of medicinal sage is poured into a glass of boiling water. Brew for an hour in a thermos or wrapped in a thick thick cloth. After straining, rinse your mouth as often as possible throughout the day.
Remedy No. 4
A spoonful of dried chamomile flowers is poured into a glass of boiling water and steamed in a thermos for half an hour. Carefully filter and use as a rinse throughout the day.
Remedy No. 5
A decoction made from calendula (flowers) has an effective effect. A spoonful of flowers is poured with 200 ml of boiling water and steamed for half an hour. Then strain and rinse all day.
Of course, traditional methods of treatment can be effective, but it is better not to do without consulting specialists.
Treatment quality criteria
The main criterion for the quality of an alveolar socket preservation operation is its independent complete healing and maximum preservation of bone tissue, preservation of the natural contour and volume of the alveolar ridge, improvement of the condition of soft tissues and simplification of further stages of treatment. If the operation is successful, there will be enough bone tissue in the socket to install a dental implant. Separately, it is worth highlighting the advantages of condomization for the doctor and the patient - this is improved long-term treatment results, more predictable aesthetics and, of course, saving time for the doctor and the patient.
Tooth socket preservation technique
The literature describes many materials and methods aimed at preserving a fresh socket after tooth extraction, especially strengthening the relatively thin bone plate on the buccal side. Such methods include immediate implants after removal, bone replacement materials, as well as protective membranes, which in most cases allow only the level of the alveolar margin to be preserved. However, a method for completely preserving or regenerating the socket after removal has not been described.
The RST (root immersion technique) technique was described by Salama. Its purpose was to leave the root in the socket after removal of the coronal part, which led to complete preservation of the surrounding bone tissue, in contrast to other socket preservation techniques, which almost always result in resorption and, thus, a reduction in the height of the interdental papilla and the width of the alveolar margin. RST, on the contrary, imitates the natural apparatus of the tissues that support the tooth, which allows you to completely preserve the contours of the alveolar bone.
Also, in addition to leaving the whole root in the socket, there is a technique for preserving only its buccal part, after sectional cutting from the mesial to the distal side, forming two fragments: buccal and lingual/palatal.
This way, only the buccal fragment remains in the socket while the rest of the tooth is removed to make room for the implant.
This allows you to gain the bone preservation benefits of the RST technique while simultaneously placing an implant.
Clinical case
A 40-year-old healthy woman came to the clinic in order to replace the existing metal-ceramic prosthesis covering the upper central incisors, as well as to give a more aesthetic appearance to the front 4th incisors (Photos 1-4).
The two connected crowns “kept falling off,” the patient reported. Clinical and radiological examination revealed that the supporting stump of the right central incisor had collapsed, and only the root remained in the socket (photo 4), then the overgrown gum covered the root. There was no mobility or any periapical changes.
Photo 1: Front view
Photo 2: Right side view
Photo 3: Left side view
Photo 4
The connected crowns were essentially a cantilever prosthesis supported on the stump of the left central incisor (Figure 5).
Photo 5
The gingival growth is removed, the root is cut into two parts using a fissure bur in the mesiodistal direction, the lingual fragment is atraumatically removed (without pressure), then the buccal fragment is shortened using a surgical bur, leaving a thin layer on the side of the buccal bone plate (Photo 6-9) .
Photo 6: Sawed root
Photo 7: Lingual root fragment
Photo 8: Lingual root fragment
Figure 9: Intact buccal fragment
Approximately 1 mm from the remaining fragment, a direct implant KOS Single-piece (IHDE Systems) 12×3.2 was installed into the socket (Photo 10,11).
Photo 10
Photo 11
Two temporary crowns are installed on the left central incisor and the implant, all central and other functional contacts are removed. A post-intervention x-ray was taken (Photo 12).
Photo 12
A gentle diet is recommended during implant healing. The patient is advised not to load the area with the implant installed (Photo 13).
Photo 13
It took 5 months to heal. Afterwards, the existing stump and two lateral incisors were prepared (Photo 14).
Photo 14
Single zirconium crowns were installed on the 4 upper incisors (Photos 15-17).
Photo 15
Photo 16
Photo 17
Discussion
To overcome the negative consequences after tooth extraction, especially in people with a thin bone biotype, which is often prone to resorption in the apical and lingual directions, many techniques have been created using bone materials, protective membranes, etc. However, the technique of completely preserving the tooth socket and surrounding tissues to the present day moment was not described.
It is fair to assume that implants cannot perform the function of your own tooth in preserving the surrounding bone and soft tissue height.
Many studies to determine the safety of leaving roots in the alveolar bone have concluded that roots can be left in sockets, except in infected and mobile ones, as this can lead to rejection, infection and migration. In other cases, root fragments help preserve the structure of bone and soft tissue.
Flippi concluded that decoronation (removal of crown and pulp but preservation of root tissue) of an ankylosed tooth is a simple and safe procedure to preserve alveolar bone before implant placement.
Plata performed a 12-week histological examination of 12 retained roots, shortened to 2 mm below the bony margin. The data obtained indicated that 8 roots were completely ossified at the cut site.
An animal study was also conducted in which only the buccal portion of the root was preserved followed by implant placement. The root fragment did not interfere with ossification and helped preserve the thin buccal bone plate.
The major finding of histological analysis was that the internal space of the root was filling with new cementum and the formation of a new periodontal attachment.
On top of that, in places where the implant was installed in the root fragment, cement was detected on the implant itself. The same was determined in a study by Buser (1990), who concluded that in places where the implant was placed in close relationship with the root fragment, the implant itself was covered with a layer of cement with the inclusion of collagen fibers.
Nyman demonstrated that exclusion of epithelial cells leads to periodontal regeneration through periodontal ligament cells. It is also possible to assume that a blood clot between the root and the implant may prevent the proliferation of the epithelium. Amler and Cardaropoli demonstrated histologically that it takes approximately 4 weeks after tooth extraction for the socket to epithelialize. It can be assumed that similar processes occur between the implant and the remaining root fragment. If a blood clot prevents epithelial growth along the inner surface of the root, the remaining periodontal ligament cells regenerate to form a new periodontal attachment.
In contrast to these studies, Anthony Pogrel points out that late migration of the fragment is also possible in some cases, but it is considered impossible to determine this in advance.
In a pilot study conducted by Hermann, it was found that the amount of bone lost was much greater around a two-piece implant than around a single implant. Also, according to the state of the surrounding gums, the level of inflammation around the implant has an advantage on the side of one-piece structures.
Conclusion
It can be concluded that preservation of the buccal root fragment with simultaneous implantation is a reliable technique that promotes rapid ossification without any inflammatory process or resorptive effect.
But the study of long-term results and histological aspects of the technique remains desirable for further research of the technique.
Author: Haseeb H. Al-Dary, Private Practice, Amman – Jordan
Indications for condom
Preservation of the socket of an extracted tooth is indicated for everyone who in the future wants to install a dental implant in its place. The process of loss and resorption of the jaw bone at the site of the extracted tooth begins immediately after the operation. In the first year, bone tissue resorption will be 25% in volume, and over the next 3 years the loss in width will be 40 - 60%. In the case of socket preservation after tooth extraction, a larger volume of bone tissue in the jaw and the most natural contours of the alveolar process are preserved. And then, subsequently, the likelihood of such a complex operation as alveolar bone augmentation when installing an implant will most likely not be required.
Main symptoms
Alveolitis that occurs after tooth extraction can be diagnosed especially quickly; the main thing is to know its symptoms and, of course, visit a doctor. A superficial inspection can determine the following:
· a) the hole may turn out to be empty, but with a yellowish coating, especially on the walls of the hole, where traces of food remains remain, or it is completely filled with rot;
· b) the gums near the socket have their own color, usually bright red (swelling and severe pain);
· c) bone tissue begins to bulge.
Pain during alveolitis can sometimes be very strong, acute, and possibly mild. In this situation, a cutting pain in the head may appear. Bad breath occurs when a blood clot festers, as well as when an inflammatory process occurs in the orifice. In addition, the suppuration of this clot very often leads to poisoning of the human body, which is why the person’s general condition only worsens, this is accompanied by severe weakness, and the temperature rises.
Swelling in the area of the gums and cheeks sometimes goes away without any significant swelling of the person’s face, since at this moment the pus, as well as the infection, have a certain outflow that passes through the empty socket. But still, the suppuration of clots is particularly acute, with the appearance of a sharp tumor in the gums, as well as in the soft tissues of the face, the body temperature rises sharply, and severe pain appears.
Contraindications
Preservation surgery is subject to the same restrictions as any osteoplastic surgery. Separately, I would like to note that it is not recommended to preserve a hole after tooth extraction in a state of acute pain, since the risk of complications increases. But in each specific clinical case, the actions of a professional dentist are strictly individual. Sometimes situations arise when you have to take risks, but this is due solely to medical indications. In any case, it is necessary to understand that performing a tooth extraction operation and subsequent preservation on a planned basis is better than as part of emergency care.
Restrictions
It is logical to perform a preservation operation after the removal of permanent molars, within the so-called sevens, second molars (except for wisdom teeth, eights), since when baby teeth fall out, bone tissue does not resorption. There is no upper age limit for performing an operation aimed at preserving the natural contours of the alveolar process.
Price
According to the classifier of surgical interventions in the oral cavity, condomation is not among the standard surgical interventions and this, of course, affects the cost of its implementation. In addition, the price of osteoplastic materials and related products is quite high. Some materials are used only in conjunction with a special membrane to avoid ingrowth of soft tissue into the alveolar socket. The price is also affected by the method of tooth extraction. Removal of a tooth or tooth root is sometimes still a traumatic procedure, leading to direct loss of alveolar bone and soft tissue. With atraumatic removal, the alveolar bone is preserved in a larger volume, which reduces the final cost of the operation.
Preservation of the socket after tooth extraction is an important procedure when planning the installation of an implant. Timely preservation of the socket will allow you to preserve such valuable bone tissue and avoid a much more complex and expensive operation to build it up - augmentation, as well as significantly reduce the overall treatment time. The cost of preserving the natural contours of the alveolar socket pays off, because you thereby provide the teeth surrounding it with a reliable position, and as a result, during implantation, you get an imitation of the removed tooth root. This procedure applies even to those patients who do not intend to restore or replace a lost tooth with an implant, because in this case the gingival contour will have the most aesthetic appearance, without failures, and will allow for the most aesthetic bridge prosthetics. Therefore, reservation is gaining increasing popularity in dental dentistry.
According to antiplagiat.ru, the uniqueness of the text as of October 16, 2018 is 90.3%.
Key words, tags: tooth extraction, wisdom tooth, bone tissue, implant installation, augmentation, implantation.
*Images: Astra Tech Dentsply Implants; Principles of hard tessue regeneration and implant therapy.
The main reasons for the appearance of alveolitis in the socket after tooth extraction
In many cases, alveolitis of the tooth socket occurs due to a doctor’s error. This is especially evident after the entire tooth has been removed, and in the meantime, a formation in the form of a small cyst remains in the depths of the socket hole, which will serve as the cause of infection in the future. On our website you can see + what alveolitis of the socket looks like in the photo.
Another reason may be a fragment of a tooth or root, which can sometimes remain after the next extraction. These same fragments also lead to infection of the blood clot. If there is a small piece of tooth left in the hole, you must immediately go to the doctor and have it removed, since if ignored, it leads to damage to the surface of the bone tissue and completely injures the entire blood clot.
With complex surgical removal, a fragment may also remain, especially if there was a slight inflammatory suppuration. But the doctor did not bother to prescribe an antibiotic to eliminate the inflammatory process. Especially often, the hole dries out after a tooth is removed, but the resulting hole is completely free of a blood clot and is not filled with blood. In the meantime, the doctor decided to send the patient home - this is a gross violation.
This article is for informational purposes only, please consult your doctor for details!
